Phytoplankton dynamics in lakes and the Baltic Sea: a combination of satellite and in situ data
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
Abstrakt
Fütoplankton on veekogude toiduvõrgustike alus ning mängib võtmerolli toitainete ja maailma kliima reguleerimisel. Kuid kui tingimused on sobivad, võivad mõned liigid, eriti tsüanobakterid, moodustada kahjulikke õitsenguid, mis ohustavad ökosüsteeme ja inimeste tervist. Antud töö uurib, kuidas neid õitsenguid paremini jälgida keerulistes veekogudes, nagu Eesti järved ja Läänemeri, kombineerides satelliidivaatlusi otseste veemõõtmistega.
Satelliidid suudavad jäädvustada ulatuslikke õitsengumustreid, mida traditsiooniline proovivõtt võib märkamata jätta. Samas kohtmõõtmised aitavad tagada andmete täpsuse. Peipsi järve pikaajalised vaatlused näitavad, et õitsenguid mõjutavad tugevalt temperatuur ja veetase. Lisaks, mõned toksilised liigid ilmuvad varem ja on muutunud ajajooksul domineerivamaks.
Töös võrreldakse ka meetodeid fütoplanktoni pigmentide tuvastamiseks valguse neeldumise põhjal. See võimaldaks spektraalandmetest saada rohkem teavet fütoplanktoni koosluse kohta. Leiti, et keerukamad matemaatilised lähenemised toimivad paremini kui standardsed klorofüll-a baasil mudelid, eriti sogastes vetes.
Lõpuks testiti satelliitindekseid rannikualade õitsengute tuvastamiseks. Selle käigus demonstreeriti, et ühele tegurile toetudes võib tulemus olla puudulik. Mitme muutuja, näiteks satelliidilt saadud klorofüll-a ja hägususe kombinatsioon ning fütoplanktoni biomassi otsene proovivõtt annavad veekogu keskkonnatingimustest kõige põhjalikuma pildi.
Üldiselt näitab töö, et kohapealsete ja satelliidiandmete integreerimine parandab oluliselt meie võimet kahjulikke vetikate õitsenguid jälgida ja mõista, toetades paremat keskkonnajuhtimist.
Phytoplankton are the foundation of aquatic food webs and play a key role in regulating nutrients and the world’s climate. But when conditions are right, some species, especially cyanobacteria, can form harmful blooms that threaten ecosystems and human health. This thesis explores how to better monitor these blooms in complex waters, such as Estonian lakes and the Baltic Sea, by combining satellite observations with direct water measurements. Satellites can capture the large-scale bloom patterns that traditional sampling can miss, while field data helps to ensure accuracy. Long-term observations of Lake Peipsi reveal that blooms are strongly influenced by temperature and water level, with some toxic species appearing earlier and becoming more dominant over time. The work also compares methods for identifying phytoplankton pigments from light absorption. This would allow for more phytoplankton community information to be captured from spectral data. It was found that more advanced approaches outperform standard chlorophyll-a (chl-a) based models, especially in murky waters. Finally, satellite indices were tested to detect coastal blooms, showing that relying on a single indicator is insufficient. The combination of multiple variables, such as satellite-derived chl-a and turbidity, as well as direct sampling of phytoplankton biomass, provides the most comprehensive picture of environmental conditions in a waterbody. Overall, the work demonstrates that integrating satellite and on-site data significantly improves our ability to monitor and understand harmful algal blooms, supporting better environmental management.
Phytoplankton are the foundation of aquatic food webs and play a key role in regulating nutrients and the world’s climate. But when conditions are right, some species, especially cyanobacteria, can form harmful blooms that threaten ecosystems and human health. This thesis explores how to better monitor these blooms in complex waters, such as Estonian lakes and the Baltic Sea, by combining satellite observations with direct water measurements. Satellites can capture the large-scale bloom patterns that traditional sampling can miss, while field data helps to ensure accuracy. Long-term observations of Lake Peipsi reveal that blooms are strongly influenced by temperature and water level, with some toxic species appearing earlier and becoming more dominant over time. The work also compares methods for identifying phytoplankton pigments from light absorption. This would allow for more phytoplankton community information to be captured from spectral data. It was found that more advanced approaches outperform standard chlorophyll-a (chl-a) based models, especially in murky waters. Finally, satellite indices were tested to detect coastal blooms, showing that relying on a single indicator is insufficient. The combination of multiple variables, such as satellite-derived chl-a and turbidity, as well as direct sampling of phytoplankton biomass, provides the most comprehensive picture of environmental conditions in a waterbody. Overall, the work demonstrates that integrating satellite and on-site data significantly improves our ability to monitor and understand harmful algal blooms, supporting better environmental management.
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