Links between segregation processes on the labour and housing markets: evidence from Finland
Date
2024-03-01
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Eesmärk: selgitada välja, kuidas on segregatsioon erinevates eluvaldkondades nagu tööturg ja eluasemeturg omavahel seotud. Segregatsioon on protsess, kus erinevad rühmad (nt sissetuleku taseme, rahvuse, hariduse jne põhjal) koonduvad konkreetsetesse geograafilistesse piirkondadesse, mis eraldab neid teistest rühmadest. Selle tulemusena kogevad inimesed suuremat ebavõrdsust ja kultuurilist isoleeritust.
Uuring I näitas, et sissetulekute ebavõrdsus on elukoha erinevusega seotud positiivselt, kuid 10aastase viivitusega. Erinevused ilmnesid riikide heaolusüsteemide lõikes, kus sissetulekute ebavõrdsus ja elukohaerinevused olid kõrgeimad liberaalsetes heaolusüsteemides ja madalaimad sotsiaaldemokraatlikes heaolusüsteemides. Helsingi rakendab edukalt segregatsioonivastaseid poliitikaid, nagu sotsiaalelamute suur osakaal ja ühtlane jaotumine erineva sissetulekuga elanikega linnaosade vahel, mis aitavad vältida segregatsiooni kõrge taseme tekkimist.
Uuring II näitas, et uussisserändajate vaheline seos tööturu harude ja töökohtade vahel on väga tugev, mis näitab, et tööturg on väga segregeeritud isegi Soome sotsiaaldemokraatlikus heaolusüsteemis. Segregatsiooniprotsessid saavad sisseränderiikides seega alguse immigratsioonipoliitikast, mis suunab sisserändajad tööturu spetsiifilistesse segmentidesse, kust see kipub edasi kanduma ka eluasemeturule. Ainult sihilik erinevusi tasandav eluasemepoliitika, nagu nt Helsingis, aitab vältida ulatuslikku tööturu segregatsiooni ülekandumist eluasemeturule.
Uuring III näitas, et uussisserändajate lõimumine eluasemeturul on keeruline protsess, mis sõltub paljudest teguritest, nagu keeleoskus, kultuuriline taust ja võimalik diskrimineerimine. Järelikult peaksid edukad uussisserändajate elukoha integratsioonipoliitikad rõhutama nii eluaseme mobiilsust kui ka naabruskonna mobiilsust, sealhulgas arvestades, kuidas need kaks on omavahel seotud.
The objective of this dissertation is to determine to what extent segregation in different areas of life, such as the labor market and housing market, is interconnected. Segregation is a process where different groups (based on income level, nationality, education, etc.) cluster in specific geographical areas, separating them from other groups. As a result, people experience greater inequality and cultural isolation. Study I showed that income inequality is positively related to residential segregation but with a 10-year delay. Differences emerged across countries' welfare systems, with income inequality and residential differences being highest in liberal welfare systems and lowest in social democratic systems. Helsinki successfully implements anti-segregation policies, such as a high proportion of social housing and even distribution among neighborhoods with varying income levels, which help prevent high levels of segregation. Study II showed that the relationship between industrial niching and workplace segregation is very strong, indicating that the labor market is highly segregated even in the context of Finland's social democratic welfare system. Therefore, in immigrant-receiving countries, segregation processes originate from immigration policies that direct immigrants into specific segments of the labor market, which tends to carry over to the housing market. Only deliberate housing policies aimed at leveling differences can prevent extensive labor market segregation from transferring to the housing market. Study III showed that the integration of new immigrants into the housing market is a complex process that depends on many factors, such as language skills, cultural background, and potential discrimination. Consequently, successful housing integration policies for new immigrants should emphasize both housing mobility and neighborhood mobility, including considering how these two are interconnected.
The objective of this dissertation is to determine to what extent segregation in different areas of life, such as the labor market and housing market, is interconnected. Segregation is a process where different groups (based on income level, nationality, education, etc.) cluster in specific geographical areas, separating them from other groups. As a result, people experience greater inequality and cultural isolation. Study I showed that income inequality is positively related to residential segregation but with a 10-year delay. Differences emerged across countries' welfare systems, with income inequality and residential differences being highest in liberal welfare systems and lowest in social democratic systems. Helsinki successfully implements anti-segregation policies, such as a high proportion of social housing and even distribution among neighborhoods with varying income levels, which help prevent high levels of segregation. Study II showed that the relationship between industrial niching and workplace segregation is very strong, indicating that the labor market is highly segregated even in the context of Finland's social democratic welfare system. Therefore, in immigrant-receiving countries, segregation processes originate from immigration policies that direct immigrants into specific segments of the labor market, which tends to carry over to the housing market. Only deliberate housing policies aimed at leveling differences can prevent extensive labor market segregation from transferring to the housing market. Study III showed that the integration of new immigrants into the housing market is a complex process that depends on many factors, such as language skills, cultural background, and potential discrimination. Consequently, successful housing integration policies for new immigrants should emphasize both housing mobility and neighborhood mobility, including considering how these two are interconnected.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone