Single-cell data analysis in immunology: from technology to applications
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Üherakuline RNA-sekveneerimine (scRNA-seq) on tehnoloogia, mis võimaldab uurida rakkude heterogeensust üksiku raku tasandil. Meetodi abil on võimalik jälgida geenide avaldumist miljonites rakkudes ning tuvastada haruldasi rakutüüpe ja neis toimuvaid molekulaarseid mehhanisme. Antud töös hinnati erinevate scRNA-seq lahenduste sobivust immuunrakkude uurimiseks. Lähtematerjalina kasutati tüümust kui rakulise ehituse poolest keerulist primaarset immuunorganit. Kahe scRNA-seq meetodi võrdluses täheldati märgatavaid erinevusi ning tehtud analüüs tõi esile kasutatud meetodite puudused ja tugevused immuunorganite analüüsis. Teise teemana uuriti immuunrakke monogeensese haiguse APS-1 (autoimmuunne polüendokrinopaatia sündroom tüüp 1) korral. APS-1 põhjuseks on mutatsioonid AIRE-geenis ja selle haiguse korral on häiritud immuuntolerantsus, mis viib autoreaktiivsete T-rakkude tekkimiseni ja autoimmuunsete haigusteni. Antud töös kasutati scRNA-seq tehnoloogiat, et analüüsida transkriptoomilisi muutusi APS-1 haigete regulatoorsetes T rakkudes, mis osalevad immuuntolerantsuse kujunemises. Kolmandaks uuriti vanusega seotud immuunsüsteemi muutusi. Vanusega toimuvaid muutusi iseloomustab krooniline põletik ja nõrgenenud võime reageerida viirustele ja teistele patogeenidele. Lisaks süvendavad vananemisega seotud muutusi kroonilised viirusnakkused nagu näiteks tsütomegaloviiruse (CMV) infektsioon. Käesolevas töös tuvastati vanade inimeste perifeerse vere mononukleaarsetes rakkudes CD8-naiivsete T-rakkude populatsiooni langus, mida iseloomustas põletikuliste geenide ülesregulatsioon. Lisaks kaardistati CMV infektsiooniga ja vananemisega seotud CD8+ Temra rakkude alatüübid. Väitekirja tööd näitasid scRNA-seq tehnoloogia eeliseid keeruliste rakusüsteemide uurimisel aidates kaasa immuunrakkude iseloomustamisele ning nende ülesannete mõistmisele.
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a technology that enables the study of cellular heterogeneity at the individual cell level. This method allows for the observation of gene expression in millions of cells and the identification of rare cell types and the molecular mechanisms occurring within them. In this thesis, the suitability of different scRNA-seq solutions for studying immune cells was assessed. The thymus, a complex primary immune organ in terms of cellular composition, was used as the source material. A comparison of two scRNA-seq methods revealed significant differences, and the analysis highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of the methods used in immune organ analysis. A second focus of the thesis was the investigation of immune cells in the context of the monogenic disease APS-1 (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1). APS-1 is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene, leading to impaired immune tolerance, which results in the development of autoreactive T cells and autoimmune diseases. In this study, scRNA-seq technology was employed to analyze transcriptomic changes in the regulatory T cells of APS-1 patients, which play a role in the establishment of immune tolerance. Thirdly, age-related changes in the immune system were examined. Aging is characterized by chronic inflammation and a weakened ability to respond to viruses and other pathogens. Additionally, chronic viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, exacerbate age-related immune changes. This study identified a decline in the population of CD8 naïve T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of elderly individuals, characterized by the upregulation of inflammatory genes. Furthermore, CMV infection- and aging-related subtypes of CD8+ Temra cells were mapped. The findings of this dissertation demonstrate the advantages of scRNA-seq technology in studying complex cellular systems, contributing to the characterization of immune cells and a deeper understanding of their functions.
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a technology that enables the study of cellular heterogeneity at the individual cell level. This method allows for the observation of gene expression in millions of cells and the identification of rare cell types and the molecular mechanisms occurring within them. In this thesis, the suitability of different scRNA-seq solutions for studying immune cells was assessed. The thymus, a complex primary immune organ in terms of cellular composition, was used as the source material. A comparison of two scRNA-seq methods revealed significant differences, and the analysis highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses of the methods used in immune organ analysis. A second focus of the thesis was the investigation of immune cells in the context of the monogenic disease APS-1 (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1). APS-1 is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene, leading to impaired immune tolerance, which results in the development of autoreactive T cells and autoimmune diseases. In this study, scRNA-seq technology was employed to analyze transcriptomic changes in the regulatory T cells of APS-1 patients, which play a role in the establishment of immune tolerance. Thirdly, age-related changes in the immune system were examined. Aging is characterized by chronic inflammation and a weakened ability to respond to viruses and other pathogens. Additionally, chronic viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, exacerbate age-related immune changes. This study identified a decline in the population of CD8 naïve T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of elderly individuals, characterized by the upregulation of inflammatory genes. Furthermore, CMV infection- and aging-related subtypes of CD8+ Temra cells were mapped. The findings of this dissertation demonstrate the advantages of scRNA-seq technology in studying complex cellular systems, contributing to the characterization of immune cells and a deeper understanding of their functions.
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