Evolution of gas exchange traits and their application in crop breeding
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Taimed on maismaaproduktsiooni aluseks, omastades CO₂ fotosünteesiks, transpireerides samal ajal vett. See gaasivahetus toimub läbi õhulõhede, mis on kahest sulgrakust moodustunud mikroskoopilised poorid taimelehtede pinnal. Veekao vältimiseks pimedas, kui fotosünteesi ei toimu, on taimedel arenenud võime õhulõhed sulgeda. Et vältida ärakuivamist sulguvad õhulõhed ka põuas ja suhtelise õhuniiskuse langedes, piirates omakorda ka CO₂ omastamist; see sulgumine on suuresti vahendatud hormooni abstsiishappe (ABA) poolt. Õhulõhede uurimine on oluline muutuvas kliimas, mis toob temperatuuri tõusuga kaasa madalama suhtelise õhuniiskuse ehk kõrgema õhu niiskusvajaku (VPD) ning põudade sagenemise, põhjustades saagikuse langust. Esmalt, et selgitada, kui kaugele ulatuvad õhulõhede VPD ja ABA regulatsiooni raja juured, uuriti käesolevas töös seda vanades taimeliikides, osjades. Uuritud põld-, aas- ja metsosja õhulõhed sulgusid ABA toimel, viidates, et ABA-sõltuv regulatsioon tekkis varakult evolutsioonis. Siiski, osjade ABA-tundlikkus võib avaldumiseks vajada eelhäälestust. Kuna teadmised ABA ja VPD regulatsioonist molekulaarsel tasemel põhinevad mudeltaimel harilikul müürloogal, pole selge, kas samad valgud osalevad ka põllukultuurides. Müürlooga VPD ja ABA signalisatsiooniraja keskse valgu OST1 homoloogide HvSnRK2.7 ja HvSnRK2.9 väljalülitamine odras häiris nende õhulõhede reaktsioone VPD-le ja ABA-le, viidates, et just need valgud osalevad odra õhulõhede regulatsioonis. Lisaks hinnati 300 suvinisu genotüübi saagikust ja kvaliteeti eri keskkondades, tuvastades kõrge saagi, kvaliteedi ja stabiilsusega genotüübid. Kiireks gaasivahetustunnuste mõõtmiseks põllul töötati välja ka seade, millega uuriti erinevusi suvinisu genotüüpide vahel ning nende tunnuste seoseid saagiga. Sellega panustab antud töö teadmisse õhulõhede regulatsiooni evolutsioonist, selle molekulaarsest mehhanismist teraviljades ning mõõtmisest põllul, võimaldamaks kiiret gaasivahetustunnuste fenotüpiseerimist.
Terrestrial production is based on plants, as they absorb CO₂ for photosynthesis while transpiring water. This gas exchange occurs through stomata, microscopic pores on plant leaves formed by two guard cells. To prevent water loss in darkness, when photosynthesis stops, plants have evolved the ability to close their stomata. To avoid desiccation, stomata also close during drought and when relative humidity decreases, thus limiting CO₂ uptake; this response is largely mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Studying stomata is critical in a changing climate, where rising temperatures lead to lower relative air humidity (i.e. higher vapour pressure deficit, VPD) and more frequent droughts, decreasing crop yields. To understand the origins of stomatal VPD and ABA regulation, this was first studied in ancient plant species, horsetails. All three studied Estonian horsetail species closed their stomata in response to ABA, suggesting that ABA-dependent regulation evolved early. However, ABA sensitivity in horsetails may require priming. Since knowledge of ABA and VPD signalling at the molecular level comes mainly from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unclear whether the same proteins function in crops. Knocking out the Arabidopsis OST1 homologues HvSnRK2.7 and HvSnRK2.9 in barley, impaired stomatal responses to both VPD and ABA, indicating that these proteins play a central role in barley stomatal regulation. Additionally, grain yield, quality and stability of 300 spring wheat genotypes were evaluated across Nordic-Baltic environments, identifying superior genotypes. A device was also developed for rapid field measurement of gas exchange traits, enabling detection of differences in these traits among spring wheat genotypes and their relationships with yield. In summary, this thesis contributes to knowledge of stomatal regulation evolution, its molecular mechanism in barley and its field measurement to enable rapid phenotyping of gas exchange traits.
Terrestrial production is based on plants, as they absorb CO₂ for photosynthesis while transpiring water. This gas exchange occurs through stomata, microscopic pores on plant leaves formed by two guard cells. To prevent water loss in darkness, when photosynthesis stops, plants have evolved the ability to close their stomata. To avoid desiccation, stomata also close during drought and when relative humidity decreases, thus limiting CO₂ uptake; this response is largely mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Studying stomata is critical in a changing climate, where rising temperatures lead to lower relative air humidity (i.e. higher vapour pressure deficit, VPD) and more frequent droughts, decreasing crop yields. To understand the origins of stomatal VPD and ABA regulation, this was first studied in ancient plant species, horsetails. All three studied Estonian horsetail species closed their stomata in response to ABA, suggesting that ABA-dependent regulation evolved early. However, ABA sensitivity in horsetails may require priming. Since knowledge of ABA and VPD signalling at the molecular level comes mainly from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unclear whether the same proteins function in crops. Knocking out the Arabidopsis OST1 homologues HvSnRK2.7 and HvSnRK2.9 in barley, impaired stomatal responses to both VPD and ABA, indicating that these proteins play a central role in barley stomatal regulation. Additionally, grain yield, quality and stability of 300 spring wheat genotypes were evaluated across Nordic-Baltic environments, identifying superior genotypes. A device was also developed for rapid field measurement of gas exchange traits, enabling detection of differences in these traits among spring wheat genotypes and their relationships with yield. In summary, this thesis contributes to knowledge of stomatal regulation evolution, its molecular mechanism in barley and its field measurement to enable rapid phenotyping of gas exchange traits.
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