Media-connected society: the analysis of media content and usage patterns from a systems-theoretical perspective
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Abstrakt
Meediakommunikatsioonil on tänapäeva globaalses maailmas oluline roll kogu ühiskonnasüsteemi käigushoidmisel ja inimeste ühiskonnaga sidustamisel. Käesolevas töös analüüsitakse täpsemalt, kuidas meedia toetab integratsiooni nendel erinevatel tasanditel. Ühiskonna tasandi integratsiooni kohta on töös tehtud järeldused päevalehtede temaatiliste eelistuste, aja ja ruumi konstrueerimise analüüsi põhjal. Analüüs näitab, et hoolimata asjaolust, et tegemist on geograafiliselt ja ajalooliselt lähedalt seotud piirkondadega, on Eestis, Soomes ja Venemaal 20.sajandi vältel ajakirjandus täitnud erinevaid rolle demokraatia ja ühiskonnas aset leidvate muutuste toetajana. Ainult Soome puhul on märgata läbi sajandi esiplaanil olnud arutelu inimeste kooselu põhimõtete ja regulatsioonide üle, samal ajal kui Eestis ja Venemaal on meediakommunikatsiooni adressaate integreeritud hoopis teistel tasanditel – nii identiteedi kujundamise kui ka normatiivse teguri kaudu. Töö teises osas antakse ülevaade elanike meediakasutusest viimasel paaril kümnendil, et hinnata nende seotust meediakommunikatsiooniga. Analüüsiga kõnetatakse meediauurijate hirme inimeste kapseldumisest oma lemmikkanalite või -sisu ümber – tajutakse ohtu, et kui meediaruumis puuduvad kokkupuutepunktid ja seeläbi ka ühised jututeemad, on ühiskonna kui terviku eksistents küsimärgi all. Käesolevas töös osutatakse, et antud hirmudel ei ole alust – väga väikese osa Eesti elanike puhul on märgata ühe meediakanali kasutamise eelistust. Just erinevate kanalite ja mitmekülgse sisu kasutamise kaudu on inimesed seotud erinevate ühiskonna osadega, mida tänapäeva keeruka ühiskonna toimimine ka eeldab. Töö on oluline süsteemiteoreetiline vaade meedia ja integratsiooni küsimustele ning avab uued uurimisperspektiivid edaspidiseks.
The main question of this dissertation is: How is integration supported by media communication? The preliminary condition for the constitution of a society is defined by the communicative bonds between different parts and levels of society. The mass media plays a central role in that it allows for different parts of society to be mutually informed, both on the very broad scale and on different levels. The answer the question of the dissertation will not only be applied to its application on the level of society as a whole, but also in terms of individual subjects. By illuminating the macro-structures of journalism content over long period in three countries the dissertation has shown that media communication can offer self-descriptions of society and cognitive world horizons for the system level. Based on the Finnish example conclusion is made that if the mass media can operate as an independent system in society, the most important element in a functionally differentiated contemporary society is the discussion surrounding the rules and norms that hold us/society together. In the periods of social changes, media communication becomes more pluralised, with intense discussions and more frequent references to the past and future – like it was the case in the Estonian and Russian newspapers during almost the whole 20th century. On the other side, individuals can contribute to the society through communication – this presupposes that the individual is ‘connected’ if he/she follows different media channels and -content. Different individuals, who are characterised by different interests, preferences, needs and skills, are based on the combinations of those aspects connected to the different media channels and –content. The audience fragmentation is not treated as the encapsulation. From the systems theoretical perspective it seems that fragmentation of media use is a strategy suitable for application to a hyper-complex society – it enables individuals to be connected to media communication in diverse ways. For the next empirical study the hypothesis will be raise that a hyper-complex society can only be managed through the communication of well-educated individuals.
The main question of this dissertation is: How is integration supported by media communication? The preliminary condition for the constitution of a society is defined by the communicative bonds between different parts and levels of society. The mass media plays a central role in that it allows for different parts of society to be mutually informed, both on the very broad scale and on different levels. The answer the question of the dissertation will not only be applied to its application on the level of society as a whole, but also in terms of individual subjects. By illuminating the macro-structures of journalism content over long period in three countries the dissertation has shown that media communication can offer self-descriptions of society and cognitive world horizons for the system level. Based on the Finnish example conclusion is made that if the mass media can operate as an independent system in society, the most important element in a functionally differentiated contemporary society is the discussion surrounding the rules and norms that hold us/society together. In the periods of social changes, media communication becomes more pluralised, with intense discussions and more frequent references to the past and future – like it was the case in the Estonian and Russian newspapers during almost the whole 20th century. On the other side, individuals can contribute to the society through communication – this presupposes that the individual is ‘connected’ if he/she follows different media channels and -content. Different individuals, who are characterised by different interests, preferences, needs and skills, are based on the combinations of those aspects connected to the different media channels and –content. The audience fragmentation is not treated as the encapsulation. From the systems theoretical perspective it seems that fragmentation of media use is a strategy suitable for application to a hyper-complex society – it enables individuals to be connected to media communication in diverse ways. For the next empirical study the hypothesis will be raise that a hyper-complex society can only be managed through the communication of well-educated individuals.
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Märksõnad
meedia, integratsioon, meediakasutus, sotsiaalne sidusus, ajakirjandus, Soome, Eesti, Venemaa, 20. saj., media, media consumption, integration, social cohesion, press, Finland, Estonia, Russia, 20th century