Groundwater vulnerability assessment in confined aquifers: modifying the DRASTIC method for aquifers covered by Quaternary deposits
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Kirjastaja
Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
Abstrakt
Põhjavesi on oluline maapõueressurss, mis toetab ökosüsteeme ja põllumajandust ning on peamiseks joogiveeallikaks ligi poolele maailma elanikkonnast. Samas on põhjaveekihid tundlikud reostusele, mis võib sinna jõuda intensiivsest põllumajandusest, linnastumisest ja tööstusaladest. Põhjavee kaitstust on eriti keeruline hinnata piirkondades, kus põhjaveekiht on surveline ning kaetud mitmekesiste kvaternaarisetetega.
Doktoritöö kohandab rahvusvaheliselt tuntud DRASTIC-metoodikat, et see sobiks paremini kasutamiseks Eesti ja teiste endiste jäätumisalade hüdrogeoloogilistes oludes. Kolme peamise parameetri (vee sügavus, pinnakatte tüüp ja paksus) muutmise kaudu töötati välja uus metoodika, mis arvestab põhjavee kaitstuse hindamisel kvaternaarisetete kaitsvat rolli ning põhjavee survetaseme mõju.
Uut metoodikat testiti kolmel uurimisalal Eestis ning ka Eesti-Läti piiriülesel alal. Selgus, et just kvaternaarisetete tüüp ja settekihi paksus on põhjavee kaitstuse kujunemisel määrava tähtsusega. Uus lähenemine on täpsem kui Eestis seni kasutusel olnud käsitsi koostatud põhjavee kaitstuse kaardid ning sobib ka piiriüleseks koostööks. Lisaks lisati põhjavee kaitstuse mõju hindamisse ka maakasutuse mõju ning leiti seeläbi alad, kus madal loodusliku kaitstuse ja intensiivse inimmõju kooslus suurendavad reostumise riski.
Doktoritöö tulemused näitavad, et uus metoodika sobib hästi hindama kaheosalisi süsteeme, kus peamine põhjaveekiht paikneb mitmekesiste kvaternaarisetete all. Uurimus pakub praktilist, teaduspõhist ja ajakohast lahendust, millega saab asendada Eestis seni kasutusel olnud manuaalse kaitstuse hindamise metoodika. Uus lähenemine võimaldab põhjavee kaitstust hinnata tõhusamalt ja objektiivsemalt, aidates seeläbi paremini tagada puhta joogivee säilimist ja jätkusuutlikku veemajanduse planeerimist.
Groundwater is a vital natural resource that supports ecosystems and agriculture and serves as the primary source of drinking water for nearly half of the world’s human population. However, it is vulnerable to contamination from intensive agriculture, urbanisation, and industrial areas. Assessing groundwater protection is particularly challenging in settings where aquifers are confined and overlain by a complex layer of Quaternary sediments. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to adapt the internationally recognised DRASTIC method to better suit the hydrogeological conditions of Estonia and other formerly glaciated regions. By modifying three key parameters (depth to water, Quaternary sediment type and thickness), a new method was developed that accounts for the protective role of the Quaternary deposits and the effect of hydraulic pressure in confined aquifers. The method was tested in three case study areas in Estonia and in a transboundary region between Estonia and Latvia. The results showed that the type and thickness of the sediment cover are critical in determining groundwater protection. The new approach produced more reliable results than the manually compiled vulnerability maps previously used in Estonia and proved suitable for cross-border applications. Land use was also included in the assessment, helping to identify areas where low natural protection combined with intensive human activity leads to elevated pollution risk. The findings demonstrate that the new method is particularly effective for assessing the vulnerability of two-layer systems, where the main aquifer is covered by a variable Quaternary cover. This dissertation provides a practical, science-based, and up-to-date solution that can replace Estonia’s current manual vulnerability mapping approach. The new method enables faster and more objective assessments and supports the protection of clean drinking water and the sustainable management of groundwater resources.
Groundwater is a vital natural resource that supports ecosystems and agriculture and serves as the primary source of drinking water for nearly half of the world’s human population. However, it is vulnerable to contamination from intensive agriculture, urbanisation, and industrial areas. Assessing groundwater protection is particularly challenging in settings where aquifers are confined and overlain by a complex layer of Quaternary sediments. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to adapt the internationally recognised DRASTIC method to better suit the hydrogeological conditions of Estonia and other formerly glaciated regions. By modifying three key parameters (depth to water, Quaternary sediment type and thickness), a new method was developed that accounts for the protective role of the Quaternary deposits and the effect of hydraulic pressure in confined aquifers. The method was tested in three case study areas in Estonia and in a transboundary region between Estonia and Latvia. The results showed that the type and thickness of the sediment cover are critical in determining groundwater protection. The new approach produced more reliable results than the manually compiled vulnerability maps previously used in Estonia and proved suitable for cross-border applications. Land use was also included in the assessment, helping to identify areas where low natural protection combined with intensive human activity leads to elevated pollution risk. The findings demonstrate that the new method is particularly effective for assessing the vulnerability of two-layer systems, where the main aquifer is covered by a variable Quaternary cover. This dissertation provides a practical, science-based, and up-to-date solution that can replace Estonia’s current manual vulnerability mapping approach. The new method enables faster and more objective assessments and supports the protection of clean drinking water and the sustainable management of groundwater resources.
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