Heat-induced morphological and structural changes in nanostructures
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Metallist nanotraadid on inimese juuksekarvast tuhandeid kordi peenemad ja paljale silmale nähtamatud. Metallist nanotraatide võrgustikku saab kasutada läbipaistvate ja painduvate puutetundlike ekraanide, andurite ja kuumutite valmistamisel. Nende töökindlust piirab aga kuumus. Isegi sulamistemperatuurist palju madalamal temperatuuril võivad nanotraatide pinnal olevad aatomid liikuma hakata, muutes traadi kuju ja omadusi. Seejärel muutub traat ebastabiilseks ja võib lõpuks laguneda väikesteks nanoosakesteks, katkestades elektrivoolu.
Doktoritöös uuriti, kuidas mõjutavad metallist nanotraatide termilist stabiilsust temperatuur, kuumutamise kestus, traadi läbimõõt, kokkupuude tugipinnaga ning korduv kuumutamine ja jahutamine. Muutusi vaadeldi elektronmikroskoopidega ja tõlgendati arvutisimulatsioonide abil. Mahukate mikroskoobipiltide kogumite analüüsimiseks töötati välja tarkvara Nano1D, mis mõõdab automaatselt nanotraatide ja nende lagunemisel tekkinud fragmentide pikkust.
Tulemused näitasid, et peenemad hõbedast nanotraadid deformeeruvad ja lagunevad kiiremini kui jämedamad ning kõrgem temperatuur kiirendab seda protsessi. Oluline oli ka kuumutamise kestus, sest pikaajaline kuumutamine võis isegi madalamal temperatuuril nanotraatide kuju märkimisväärselt mõjutada. Kokkupuude pinnaga võis nanotraati kas stabiliseerida või selle lagunemist soodustada, olenevalt kuumutamistingimustest. Korduv kuumutamine ja jahutamine tekitas nanotraadi toestamata osades pingeid ja defekte, millest võis alata lagunemine.
See doktoritöö aitab paremini prognoosida metalliliste nanotraatide käitumist kuumuse mõjul ning valida sobivaid materjale, mõõtmeid ja töötingimusi. Tulemused toetavad töökindlamate läbipaistvate elektroodide, painduvate elektroonikaseadmete, andurite ja nanomõõtmetes kuumutite arendamist.
Metallic nanowires are thousands of times thinner than a human hair and invisible to the human eye. Networks of metallic nanowires can form transparent and flexible conductive paths for touchscreens, sensors, and heaters. Their reliability, however, is limited by heat. Even far below the melting point, atoms on a nanowire’s surface can begin to move, changing the wire’s shape and performance. The wire then becomes unstable and may eventually break into small nanoparticles, interrupting the electrical current. This doctoral thesis examined how temperature, heating time, wire diameter, contact with a supporting surface, and repeated heating and cooling affect the thermal stability of metallic nanowires. Changes were observed using electron microscopes and interpreted with computer simulations. To analyse large collections of microscopy images, the Nano1D software was developed to automatically measure the lengths of nanowires and the fragments formed during their breakup. The results showed that thinner silver nanowires deform and fragment faster than thicker ones, while higher temperatures accelerate the same process. Heating duration was also important, and prolonged heating, even at lower temperatures, could significantly affect the shape of nanowires. Contact with a supporting surface could either stabilise a nanowire or promote its fragmentation, depending on the heating conditions. Repeated heating and cooling introduced stress and defects in unsupported wire sections, creating locations where fragmentation could begin. This work improves our ability to predict how metallic nanowires behave under heat and to select suitable materials, dimensions, and operating conditions. The findings support the development of more reliable transparent electrodes, flexible electronic devices, sensors, and nanoscale heaters.
Metallic nanowires are thousands of times thinner than a human hair and invisible to the human eye. Networks of metallic nanowires can form transparent and flexible conductive paths for touchscreens, sensors, and heaters. Their reliability, however, is limited by heat. Even far below the melting point, atoms on a nanowire’s surface can begin to move, changing the wire’s shape and performance. The wire then becomes unstable and may eventually break into small nanoparticles, interrupting the electrical current. This doctoral thesis examined how temperature, heating time, wire diameter, contact with a supporting surface, and repeated heating and cooling affect the thermal stability of metallic nanowires. Changes were observed using electron microscopes and interpreted with computer simulations. To analyse large collections of microscopy images, the Nano1D software was developed to automatically measure the lengths of nanowires and the fragments formed during their breakup. The results showed that thinner silver nanowires deform and fragment faster than thicker ones, while higher temperatures accelerate the same process. Heating duration was also important, and prolonged heating, even at lower temperatures, could significantly affect the shape of nanowires. Contact with a supporting surface could either stabilise a nanowire or promote its fragmentation, depending on the heating conditions. Repeated heating and cooling introduced stress and defects in unsupported wire sections, creating locations where fragmentation could begin. This work improves our ability to predict how metallic nanowires behave under heat and to select suitable materials, dimensions, and operating conditions. The findings support the development of more reliable transparent electrodes, flexible electronic devices, sensors, and nanoscale heaters.
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