Tõhusad küsitlemispraktikad uudisintervjuudes. Ammendava teemakäsitluse saavutamine eksperdi- ja kogemusintervjuudes
Date
2024-03-06
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Abstract
Uudisintervjuud ümbritsevad meid kõikjal – hommikul raadio saatel tööle sõites ja õhtul teleri ees istudes. Kuigi uudisintervjuu on ajakirjanduse ühe silmapaistvaima žanrina saanud rohkelt ajakirjandusuurijate tähelepanu, on siiani keskendutud peamiselt selle ühele alatüübile – konfrontatsiooni sisaldavale vastutajaintervjuule, kus sageli näeme intervjueeritavatena poliitikuid ja vastutavaid ametnikke. Et täita tühimikku teist tüüpi uudisintervjuude analüüsimise väljal, uurisin doktoritöös, millised võimalused on ajakirjanikel monteerimata ja/või otse-eetri eksperdi- ja kogemusintervjuudes tõhusamaks küsitlemiseks, et saavutada intervjueerija, intervjueeritava ja auditooriumi jaoks ammendav teemakäsitlus. Tuginedes kvalitatiivuuringule (50 ringhäälingu eetris kõlanud uudis- ja vestlusintervjuu kvalitatiivne sisu- ja vestlusanalüüs, 13 ajakirjanike ja ekspertidega tehtud uurimisintervjuu sisuanalüüs ning 4 ajakirjanikuga tehtud kirjaliku uurimisintervjuu sisuanalüüs), kirjeldasin ajakirjanike küsitlemistehnikaid ja vastajate reaktsiooni neile ning pakkusin välja võimalused tõhusamaks küsitlemiseks.
Tulemustest ilmnes, et kuigi nii kogemus- kui ka eksperdiintervjuudes kannustab intervjueeritavaid suur koostöötahe, ei paku intervjuud sageli ammendavat teemakäsitlust. Põhjuseks on vestluse hüppamine ühelt teemalt teisele, aga ka probleemid küsimuste mahuga, segadus intervjuus osalejate rollidega ja puudujäägid aktiivse kuulamise tehnikate rakendamisel. Nende, aga ka mitme teise kitsaskoha vältimiseks ja oskuslikumaks intervjueerimiseks on oluline teadvustada, millistest komponentidest tõhus interaktsioon ajakirjaniku ja intervjueeritava vahel koosneb. Seejärel on ajakirjanikel võimalik oma intervjueerimistavasid täpsemalt analüüsida ja parandada. Oskuslik intervjueerimine pole kaasasündinud oskus, see vajab järjepidevat teadlikku treeningut.
News interviews are everywhere – from tuning in to the morning radio on your way to work to unwinding in front of the evening television. Although the news interview, as one of the most prominent genres in journalism, has received considerable attention from journalism researchers, the focus has so far been primarily on one subtype of news interview – the confrontational accountability interview, which often features politicians and responsible officials as interviewees. To address the analytical gap of other types of news interviews, my research explored the opportunities for journalists in unedited and/or live expert and experience interviews to enhance their questioning techniques, aiming for a comprehensive discussion for the interviewer, interviewee, and audience. Based on a qualitative study involving qualitative content and conversation analysis of 50 broadcasted news and conversation interviews, content analysis of 13 research interviews with journalists and experts, and content analysis of 4 written research interviews with journalists, I described journalists' interviewing techniques and respondents' reactions to them and proposed methods to improve effectiveness in questioning. The results revealed that while both experience and expert interviews foster strong cooperation from interviewees, interviews often provide non-comprehensive coverage of topics. This is due to issues such as shifting from one topic to another during the conversation, issues concerning question scope, confusion regarding the roles of participants in the interview, and shortcomings in applying active listening techniques. To avoid these and other pitfalls and to conduct more adept interviews, it is crucial to be aware of the components that constitute effective interaction between the journalist and the interviewee. Subsequently, journalists can analyze and enhance their practices more precisely. Skillful interviewing is not an innate ability, rather it requires consistent and conscious training.
News interviews are everywhere – from tuning in to the morning radio on your way to work to unwinding in front of the evening television. Although the news interview, as one of the most prominent genres in journalism, has received considerable attention from journalism researchers, the focus has so far been primarily on one subtype of news interview – the confrontational accountability interview, which often features politicians and responsible officials as interviewees. To address the analytical gap of other types of news interviews, my research explored the opportunities for journalists in unedited and/or live expert and experience interviews to enhance their questioning techniques, aiming for a comprehensive discussion for the interviewer, interviewee, and audience. Based on a qualitative study involving qualitative content and conversation analysis of 50 broadcasted news and conversation interviews, content analysis of 13 research interviews with journalists and experts, and content analysis of 4 written research interviews with journalists, I described journalists' interviewing techniques and respondents' reactions to them and proposed methods to improve effectiveness in questioning. The results revealed that while both experience and expert interviews foster strong cooperation from interviewees, interviews often provide non-comprehensive coverage of topics. This is due to issues such as shifting from one topic to another during the conversation, issues concerning question scope, confusion regarding the roles of participants in the interview, and shortcomings in applying active listening techniques. To avoid these and other pitfalls and to conduct more adept interviews, it is crucial to be aware of the components that constitute effective interaction between the journalist and the interviewee. Subsequently, journalists can analyze and enhance their practices more precisely. Skillful interviewing is not an innate ability, rather it requires consistent and conscious training.