Different Approaches to Counteracting Hepatitis C Virus and Chikungunya Virus Infections
Kuupäev
2016
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Tänapäeval on võimalik ennast erinevate viiruste vastu vaktsineerida ning ka viirushaiguste ravi on muutunud oluliselt tõhusamaks. Samas leidub endiselt meditsiiniliselt olulisi viiruseid, mille vastu puudub vaktsiin ja/või mille poolt põhjustatud haigustele pole siiani adekvaatset ravi. Viirus-vastaste ühendite ja vaktsiinide väljatöötamist raskendavad nii viiruste suur mitmekesisus kui ka nende keeruline elutsükkel.
Üheks selliseks viiruseks on C hepatiidi viirus (HCV), mis on kroonilise maksahaiguse levinuimaks tekkepõhjuseks. Hinnanguliselt on selle viirusega krooniliselt nakatunud ~3% inimkonnast. Kuigi HCV infektsiooni ravis on toimunud suur läbimurre, on viiruse geneetilise mitmekesisuse, ravimresistentsete vormide tekkimise ning patsientide ravile mitteallumise tõttu endiselt väga oluline uute HCV vastaste ravimite väljatöötamine. Antud uurimustöö üheks eesmärgiks oli analüüsida erinevaid tehnoloogilisi lahendusi HCV vastaste ühendite loomiseks. Ühe lähenemisena valiti FQSAR arvutiprogrammi põhiselt välja madal-molekulaarsed ühendid, mis seondudes HCV NS3/4A proteaasiga inhibeerivad HCV replikatsiooni, ja iseloomustati nende mõju viiruse infektsioonile. Kõik analüüsitud seitse ühendit omasid HCV-vastast efekti, kuid ainult üks ühend (23332) oli kasutatavas kontsentratsioonis mitte-toksiline. Teine lähenemisviis seisnes looduslikult esineva modifikatsiooni (8-oxo-dG) mõju analüüsimises oligonukleotiidsete (ON) inhibiitorite efektiivsusele. Kombineerides erinevaid modifikatsioone leiti ON ühend, mis inhibeeris HCV replikatsiooni nanomolaarsetel kontsentratsioonidel. Lisaks HCV uurimisele on võimalik käsitletud lähenemise kasutada ka teiste viiruste vastu suunatud ühendite väljatöötamisel.
Chikungunya viirus (CHIKV, perekond Alfaviirus) on troopilistes piirkondades leviv arboviirus, mis on viimasel aastakümnel korduvalt väljunud oma tavalisest levialast ja põhjustanud epideemiaid erinevates maailmajagudes. Antud töö kolmandaks eesmärgiks oli analüüsida uudsete CHIKV-vastaste vaktsiinikandidaatide geneetilist stabiilsust ning uurida nendes sisalduvate viirust nõrgestavate mutatsioonide mõju CHIKV elutsüklile. Leiti, et viirustel CHIKVΔ5nsP3 ja CHIKVΔ6K on nõrgestatud fenotüüp ka pärast mitmekordset passeerimist koekultuuri rakkudes. Mitmetest analüüsitud CHIKV-vastastest vaktsiini kandidaatidest osutus kõige efektiivsemaks CHIKVΔ5nsP3. See nõrgestatud viirus sisaldab suurt deletsiooni nsP3 valgu C-terminaalses regioonis. Katsetest selgus, et nimetatud regioon interakteerub sama valgu keskmise domeeni ning nsP2 valgu C-terminaalse osaga ja need kontaktid on olulised viiruse replikatsioonil. Need avastused võimaldavad edaspidi välja selgitada CHIKVΔ5nsP3 mitte-patogeense fenotüübi põhjused. CHIKV Δ5nsP3 vaktsiini tüvi on kasutusele võetud edasiseks arendamiseks farmatseutilise firma poolt.
Viruses have been and will be an important part of every ecosystem. In the past, viral outbreaks have left painful marks on mankind. Using vaccines and antivirals has greatly reduced the number of infections and virus-caused pathology. Despite extensive research, some viruses and viral diseases are still lacking any good vaccine or treatment. Viral features like high mutation rate, complexity of viral lifecycle and genome diversity are only some of the obstacles needed to overcome for antivirals and vaccines to be safe and efficient. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with different liver pathologies and it is estimated that approximately 3% of the world population is chronically infected with HCV. It is lacking efficient vaccine and the options for combating HCV infection, HCV-induced pathology, spread and persistence are limited to the use of antiviral drugs. One part of this dissertation is focused on the development of anti-HCV inhibitors using two different technological approaches. Firstly, a new FQSAR method based approach allowed rapid prediction of hit compounds targeting the NS3/4A protease of HCV. Seven compounds analysed in this project displayed some anti-HCV properties but only the effect caused by the non-cytotoxic compound 23332 can be considered to be direct. Secondly, a novel technology – incorporation of naturally occurring minimally modified nucleobases into ASOs – was evaluated using ASOs binding to the HCV non-structural region. This approach led to the development of ASO compounds with high anti-HCV activity. The technology based on the use of novel modified ONs is promising as well for the development antivirals for other viruses and diseases. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) re-emerged in the past decade and is currently spreading around the world, affecting millions of people. The second part of this study is focused on the analysis of a laboratory-developed attenuated CHIKV vaccine strain. CHIKVΔ5nsP3 and CHIKVΔ6K viruses were found to have a stably attenuated phenotype and the introduced molecular changes were maintained during serial passages. From all studied vaccine candidates the CHIKVΔ5nsP3 was the most potent. Further studies revealed that the region removed from CHIKVΔ5nsP3 vaccine candidate, is apparently involved in interactions with another domain of nsP3 as well as with the C-terminal region of nsP2. These findings provide a platform for further analysis of biological reasons for the attenuation of CHIKVΔ5nsP3 vaccine candidate.
Viruses have been and will be an important part of every ecosystem. In the past, viral outbreaks have left painful marks on mankind. Using vaccines and antivirals has greatly reduced the number of infections and virus-caused pathology. Despite extensive research, some viruses and viral diseases are still lacking any good vaccine or treatment. Viral features like high mutation rate, complexity of viral lifecycle and genome diversity are only some of the obstacles needed to overcome for antivirals and vaccines to be safe and efficient. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with different liver pathologies and it is estimated that approximately 3% of the world population is chronically infected with HCV. It is lacking efficient vaccine and the options for combating HCV infection, HCV-induced pathology, spread and persistence are limited to the use of antiviral drugs. One part of this dissertation is focused on the development of anti-HCV inhibitors using two different technological approaches. Firstly, a new FQSAR method based approach allowed rapid prediction of hit compounds targeting the NS3/4A protease of HCV. Seven compounds analysed in this project displayed some anti-HCV properties but only the effect caused by the non-cytotoxic compound 23332 can be considered to be direct. Secondly, a novel technology – incorporation of naturally occurring minimally modified nucleobases into ASOs – was evaluated using ASOs binding to the HCV non-structural region. This approach led to the development of ASO compounds with high anti-HCV activity. The technology based on the use of novel modified ONs is promising as well for the development antivirals for other viruses and diseases. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) re-emerged in the past decade and is currently spreading around the world, affecting millions of people. The second part of this study is focused on the analysis of a laboratory-developed attenuated CHIKV vaccine strain. CHIKVΔ5nsP3 and CHIKVΔ6K viruses were found to have a stably attenuated phenotype and the introduced molecular changes were maintained during serial passages. From all studied vaccine candidates the CHIKVΔ5nsP3 was the most potent. Further studies revealed that the region removed from CHIKVΔ5nsP3 vaccine candidate, is apparently involved in interactions with another domain of nsP3 as well as with the C-terminal region of nsP2. These findings provide a platform for further analysis of biological reasons for the attenuation of CHIKVΔ5nsP3 vaccine candidate.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
C-hepatiidi viirus, Chikungunya viirus, proteaasid, ensüümiinhibiitorid, antisense-oligonukleotiidid, kvantitatiivne struktuur-aktiivsus sõltuvus, viirusevastased ravimid, vaktsiinid, ravimidisain, hepatitis C virus, Chikungunya virus, proteases, enzyme inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, quantitative structure-activity relation, antiviral agents, vaccines, drug design