Naiste meediarepresentatsioon Eesti ajakirjanduskultuuri ja ühiskonna kontekstis
Date
2011-07-04
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Abstract
Käesolev doktoritöö paikneb meediauuringute ja soouuringute piirimail, käsitleb Eesti meedia sisu ning ajakirjandusorganisatsiooni soo aspektist, kaardistab seaduspärasused, mis ilmnevad ennekõike naiste representatsioonis trükiajakirjanduses ja televisioonis, analüüsib seoseid ajakirjanduskultuuriga. Doktoritöö aluseks on järgmised empiirilised uuringud: Eesti Ekspressi „Persoon” 1992-2008; ETV telepildi uuringud 2002-2010; toimetuste kultuuri ja ajakirjanike professionaalse identiteedi analüüs 2002-2003; ajakirjandusliku portree võrdlev analüüs Eesti ja Põhjamaade pressis 1999-2004. Töö põhineb konstruktsionistlikul arusaamal sotsiaalsest reaalsusest ja tõdemusel, et meedia osa tegelikkuse (k.a sotsiaalse soo) keelelisel tootmisel ja taastootmisel, sotsialiseerimise, legitimatsiooni ja ka muutuste protsessides on keskne. Naiste kujutisi analüüsitakse kui erinevate teadvustatud ja teadvustamata ajakirjanduslike valikute tulemust, millest osa on seotud institutsionaalsete professionaalsete praktikatega, osa tingitud laiemast kultuurilisest ja ideoloogilisest kontekstist ja võimusuhetest, ümbritsevast diskursuse korrast. Kontekstina käsitletakse soosüsteemi kohanemist turumajanduse ja rahvusriigi taastamise tingimustega Eesti postsotsialistlikus siirdeühiskonnas. Naiste kujutamine meedias lähtub üldiselt vastuolust, kus avalikus sfääris on naiste tegevus üha laialdasem ja mõjukam, kuid “naine kui niisugune” seostub argiteadvuses endiselt privaatsfääriga. Naiste meediarepresentatsioon hõlmab need diskursiivsed vastuolud läbi erinevate valikute nagu teemapüstitus, tegelased, visuaalne materjal, kirjeldused. Töö sedastab, et naiste representatsioon Eesti meedias vastab üldiselt universaalsetele tendentsidele, näidates soosüsteemi suhtelist püsivust ja universaalsust; erinevusi võib ennekõike näha 1990ndate esimesel poole siirdeühiskonna ja meedia kultuurilises maskuliniseerumises. Kommertsialiseerumise ja tabloidiseerumise protsess meedias leiab aset ennekõike naiste kujutiste ja naiste kaudu meediasse (avalikku sfääri) toodud privaatsfääri teemade (kehalisus, suhted, pere, kodu) kaudu. Mis puutub eesti ajakirjanduskultuuri, siis negatiivne või ükskõikne suhtumine soo- ja võrdõiguslikkuse teemasse Eesti ajakirjandusorganisatsioonides muudab selle pigem sarnaseks soopimedate idaeuroopa ajakirjanduskultuuridega ja eristab selgelt lääne, eriti põhjamaade ajakirjanduskultuuridest.
This doctoral thesis is positioned on the border between media studies and gender studies and examines gender in the context of media content and media organization. The thesis is mapping regularities in women’s media representation in the Estonian mainstream press (chiefly in the weekly Eesti Ekspress) and public television (Estonian Television) and analysing the connections between women’s media representation, journalism culture and the broader social-cultural context of Estonia’s transition society. Publications on four research projects and an analytical essay on the position of women in Estonian transition society form the basis of the thesis. The dissertation is grounded on the social-constructionist understanding of social reality and the understanding of media as a key institution in the production, reproduction, socialization and legitimation processes and social change. Media is one the main institutions where also cultural production, reproduction and legitimation of gender take place. Media representation of women departs from the contradiction of increasing activity of women in public sphere and the common understanding of the belonging of „woman” to the private sphere by essence. The presence or absence of representations of women and men in the media content refers to the choices of the producers of the texts, some of which come from professional practices; other conscious and subconscious choices arise from the broader cultural and ideological context and power-relations, the discursive order. As social context, the position of women in Estonia and the existing sex-gender system is analysed, in the framework of which universal biological sexuality is converted to certain cultural relations. The thesis focuses also on the gender aspect of commercialization and tabloidization processes in the media which mainly explain the increase of women’s portraits in the most recent decades, especially since 1995. Women’s media representation reinforces the patriarchal supremacy in Estonian society by discursive order, which excludes women from certain parts of the discourse and favours participation in other parts of the discourse. In media content the reinforcement of the discursive order is being carried out in the textual descriptions. Market demand clearly coincides in this process with the dominant patriarchal ideology behind widely spread women´s representations. The thesis shows that despite different historical background, the patterns and conventions of representing women in Estonian media are generally very similar to findings in international research, except in the early 1990ties. What concerns gender equality policies, the Estonian journalism culture is very different from Western journalism cultures and similar to gender-blind journalism cultures of other countries in Eastern and Central Europe.
This doctoral thesis is positioned on the border between media studies and gender studies and examines gender in the context of media content and media organization. The thesis is mapping regularities in women’s media representation in the Estonian mainstream press (chiefly in the weekly Eesti Ekspress) and public television (Estonian Television) and analysing the connections between women’s media representation, journalism culture and the broader social-cultural context of Estonia’s transition society. Publications on four research projects and an analytical essay on the position of women in Estonian transition society form the basis of the thesis. The dissertation is grounded on the social-constructionist understanding of social reality and the understanding of media as a key institution in the production, reproduction, socialization and legitimation processes and social change. Media is one the main institutions where also cultural production, reproduction and legitimation of gender take place. Media representation of women departs from the contradiction of increasing activity of women in public sphere and the common understanding of the belonging of „woman” to the private sphere by essence. The presence or absence of representations of women and men in the media content refers to the choices of the producers of the texts, some of which come from professional practices; other conscious and subconscious choices arise from the broader cultural and ideological context and power-relations, the discursive order. As social context, the position of women in Estonia and the existing sex-gender system is analysed, in the framework of which universal biological sexuality is converted to certain cultural relations. The thesis focuses also on the gender aspect of commercialization and tabloidization processes in the media which mainly explain the increase of women’s portraits in the most recent decades, especially since 1995. Women’s media representation reinforces the patriarchal supremacy in Estonian society by discursive order, which excludes women from certain parts of the discourse and favours participation in other parts of the discourse. In media content the reinforcement of the discursive order is being carried out in the textual descriptions. Market demand clearly coincides in this process with the dominant patriarchal ideology behind widely spread women´s representations. The thesis shows that despite different historical background, the patterns and conventions of representing women in Estonian media are generally very similar to findings in international research, except in the early 1990ties. What concerns gender equality policies, the Estonian journalism culture is very different from Western journalism cultures and similar to gender-blind journalism cultures of other countries in Eastern and Central Europe.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
soouuringud, meediauuringud, gender studies, media studies, dissertatsioonid, Eesti, naised, meedia, postsotsialistlik ühiskond, soouuringud, meediauuringud, Estonia, women, media, post-socialist society, gender studies, media studies