How do we understand others? Beyond theories of mindreading and interactionism
Date
2014-06-18
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Abstract
Inimene on sotsiaalne olend. Suurem osa meist mõistab teisi inimesi piisavalt hästi, et nendega igapäevaelus lävida. Aga kuidas me seda teeme? Millised psühholoogilised protsessid võimaldavad meil teisi inimesi mõista ja nendega interakteeruda?
Viimasel kolmekümnel aastal on filosoofid ja psühholoogid eeldanud, et sotsiaalse tunnetuse aluseks on teistele vaimuseisundite (nt uskumuste, soovide, kavatsuste) omistamine ehk nn ”vaimulugemine”. Vaimulugemist on seletatud peamiselt kahel viisil. Teooriateooria ütleb, et me saame omistada vaimuseisundeid tänu varjatud teooriale selle kohta, kuidas vaimuseisundid tekivad ja juhivad käitumist. Simulatsiooniteooria järgi me hoopis simuleerime teiste inimeste vaimuseisundeid seeläbi, et kujutleme end nende inimeste olukorda, keda soovime mõista.
Viimasel ajal on vaimulugemise teooriad saanud tugeva kriitika osaliseks. Interaktsionistid väidavad, et sotsiaalse tunnetuse aluseks on erinevad ihulised protsessid ning võime mõista jagatud kontekste, ja et inimestevaheline suhtlus ei nõua vaimuseisundite omistamist. Mõistmaks, kuidas sotsiaalne tunnetus toimib, tuleks vaimulugemise asemel uurida sotsiaalseid interaktsioone.
Hetkeseis sotsiaalse tunnetuse uurimisvaldkonnas kujutab endast nende kahe lähenemise – vaimulugemise teooriate ja interaktsionismi – vastasseisu. Oma väitekirjas näitan, et need kaks lähenemist keskenduvad sotsiaalse tunnetuse erinevatele aspektidele, ja et seetõttu tuleks neid käsitada mitte teineteist välistavatena, vaid vastastikku täiendavatena. Ma esitan uue teoreetilise raamistiku, mis haarab endasse nii vaimulugemise teooriad kui interaktsionismi. Uus raamistik võimaldab mõista, kuidas sotsiaalse tunnetuse erinevad komponendid funktsioneerivad üheskoos. Ma näitan, et mõlemad lähenemised on eiranud sotsiaalse tunnetuse üht olulist aspekti: inimestevahelisi suhteid. Väidan, et vaimulugemise võime on evolutsiooni käigus välja kujunenud, sest see aitab meil paremini sotsiaalseid suhteid reguleerida, iseäranis siis, kui on ebaselge, millise sotsiaalse suhtega meil on parasjagu tegemist.
We, humans, are social creatures. Most of the time, we are rather good at understanding others and we efficiently coordinate our behaviour with friends and strangers. But how do we do this? What are the psychological processes that enable us to understand and to interact with each other? For more than 30 years, philosophers and psychologists have assumed that we understand others by attributing to them mental states – such as beliefs, desires, or intentions. This ability is called “mindreading.” There are two common ways to explain how mindreading works. According to theory-theory, we have a tacit theory about how mental states come about and guide behaviour. According to simulation theory, we simulate other people’s mental processes by imagining what it is like to be in their situation. Recently, several authors, whom I label interactionists, have challenged the view that social cognition is based on mindreading. They argue that social cognition is based on various bodily processes and on contextual understanding and that it does not require mindreading. In order to understand how social cognition works, we should study social interactions instead. The upshot is that we have two clashing views on how to explain human social cognition: theories of mindreading and interactionism. I argue that the two approaches focus on different aspects of social cognition, and that instead of being treated as mutually exclusive, they should be integrated. I outline an integrative framework that enables us to better understand how, when put together, different components of social cognition enable us to get along with other people. I show that both approaches have ignored an important aspect of our lives: social relationships. I argue that the ability to read minds has emerged in evolution because it helps us to regulate our social relations when we are uncertain about what kind of social relationship we are currently involved in.
We, humans, are social creatures. Most of the time, we are rather good at understanding others and we efficiently coordinate our behaviour with friends and strangers. But how do we do this? What are the psychological processes that enable us to understand and to interact with each other? For more than 30 years, philosophers and psychologists have assumed that we understand others by attributing to them mental states – such as beliefs, desires, or intentions. This ability is called “mindreading.” There are two common ways to explain how mindreading works. According to theory-theory, we have a tacit theory about how mental states come about and guide behaviour. According to simulation theory, we simulate other people’s mental processes by imagining what it is like to be in their situation. Recently, several authors, whom I label interactionists, have challenged the view that social cognition is based on mindreading. They argue that social cognition is based on various bodily processes and on contextual understanding and that it does not require mindreading. In order to understand how social cognition works, we should study social interactions instead. The upshot is that we have two clashing views on how to explain human social cognition: theories of mindreading and interactionism. I argue that the two approaches focus on different aspects of social cognition, and that instead of being treated as mutually exclusive, they should be integrated. I outline an integrative framework that enables us to better understand how, when put together, different components of social cognition enable us to get along with other people. I show that both approaches have ignored an important aspect of our lives: social relationships. I argue that the ability to read minds has emerged in evolution because it helps us to regulate our social relations when we are uncertain about what kind of social relationship we are currently involved in.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
sotsiaalne tunnetus, vaimulugemine, interaktsionism, social cognition, mindreading, interactionism