The zoological garden as a hybrid environment – a (zoo)semiotic analysis
Date
2018-10-26
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Abstract
Loomaaedu leidub peaaegu kõigis suuremates linnades ja neid külastab kokku enam kui 700 miljonit inimest aastas. Ometi puudub selge arusaam, kuidas inimesed, meie hoiakud ja tehiskeskkond mõjutavad loomaaialoomade pidamispõhimõtteid ja -tingimusi. Samuti on vaja sügavamat mõistmist sellest, kuidas loomaaialoomad ja kujundatud keskkond mõjutavad meie arusaamu ja ettekujutusi neist. Loomaaed on hübriidne keskkond, kus loomaaia tegevustes kohtuvad ning põimuvad kultuurilised ja looduslikud nähtused. Lisaks kujundavad loomaaias aset leidvat liigisisest ning liikide vahelist (ka inimese) lävimist sellised tegurid nagu loomaaia ajalugu, väljapanekute kujundus, enesekuvand ja asutuse eesmärgid.
Doktoritöös näitame semiootilise lähenemise olulisust selle keerulise uurimisobjekti mõtestamisel ehk analüüsime loomaaeda kui kultuurilist nähtust, selle praktilisi ettevõtmisi liigikaitses, teadustöös ja loodushariduses, ning keskendume loomaaias elavatele loomadele kui omailma omavatele subjektidele.
Me arutame, millist mõju inimeste hoiakud, taju ja ettekujutused omavad loomaaialoomade eludele ja kuidas loomaaialoomade lävimine erineb nende looduses elavate liigikaaslaste kommunikatsioonist. Leiame, et loomaialoomade haldamisel eelistatakse sageli kõrge heaolu tagamist mõnede liigiomaste käitumismustrite säilitamise ees. Veendume, et juhul, kui loomaaia keskkond erineb loomaaia loomade jaoks nende loomulikust keskkonnast, siis nende nende kommunikatiivsed võimed on paratamatult mõjutatud. Selgitame, et inimesed ei suhtu erinevatesse loomaliikidesse võrdselt ja sama kehtib ka sellistes praktilistes ettevõtmistes nagu liikide haldamine ning loomade heaolu uuringud. Toome esile, kuidas meie hoiakuid kasutatakse loomaaialoomade esitlemiseks kindlal viisil ning kuidas loomaaiad omalt poolt mõjutavad meie tundmusi.
There is a zoo in almost every major city, and more than 700 million people visit zoological gardens annually. Still, there is a lack of understanding how we and captivity affect the lives of zoo animals, how the animals and the created environment affect our perceptions of them, and how our attitudes influence animals’ keeping conditions. The zoo is a hybrid environment where cultural and natural elements are intertwined throughout the institution’s endeavours, such as wild animal management, education, and species conservation. Additional factors like the zoo’s history, designed physical space, and self-image contribute to creating communication context and shape intra- and interspecies (including human) communication. This dissertation provides a semiotic analysis of the contemporary zoo, bringing forth the complexity of this institution, and examining an array of interconnected semiotic aspects that are at the core of this hybrid environment. The semiotic approach enables us to navigate in the intricate web of communication involving humans and other animals and explicate some of the significant issues as seen not only on a philosophical level but also in practice, as outlined in the setting of the zoo. We discuss the influence that human perceptions of other animals have on their existence, and how the communication of the zoo animals and their wild conspecifics differ. The conclusion that species neutrality hardly ever exists in animal welfare studies, species management, and humans in general leads to uncovering tensions and conflicts between various attitudes that people hold. We explore how our dispositions are utilised in displaying zoo animals that further influence people’s attitudes and find that the management of these animals often favours animal welfare over the goal of conservation. We determine that if for the animals the zoo environment differs from their natural environment, the animals’ communicative capabilities are inevitably influenced.
There is a zoo in almost every major city, and more than 700 million people visit zoological gardens annually. Still, there is a lack of understanding how we and captivity affect the lives of zoo animals, how the animals and the created environment affect our perceptions of them, and how our attitudes influence animals’ keeping conditions. The zoo is a hybrid environment where cultural and natural elements are intertwined throughout the institution’s endeavours, such as wild animal management, education, and species conservation. Additional factors like the zoo’s history, designed physical space, and self-image contribute to creating communication context and shape intra- and interspecies (including human) communication. This dissertation provides a semiotic analysis of the contemporary zoo, bringing forth the complexity of this institution, and examining an array of interconnected semiotic aspects that are at the core of this hybrid environment. The semiotic approach enables us to navigate in the intricate web of communication involving humans and other animals and explicate some of the significant issues as seen not only on a philosophical level but also in practice, as outlined in the setting of the zoo. We discuss the influence that human perceptions of other animals have on their existence, and how the communication of the zoo animals and their wild conspecifics differ. The conclusion that species neutrality hardly ever exists in animal welfare studies, species management, and humans in general leads to uncovering tensions and conflicts between various attitudes that people hold. We explore how our dispositions are utilised in displaying zoo animals that further influence people’s attitudes and find that the management of these animals often favours animal welfare over the goal of conservation. We determine that if for the animals the zoo environment differs from their natural environment, the animals’ communicative capabilities are inevitably influenced.
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Keywords
zoosemiotics, zoological gardens, zoo animals, animal protection, human-animal relationship