О роли грамматики в переводе (на материале временных форм глагола в русском и эстонском языках)
Date
2015-08-11
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Abstract
Ilukirjanduslikke tekste iseloomustab sageli ajaline mitmeplaanilisus. Kuigi aja semantika ilmneb erinevatel keele tasanditel, nii leksikaalsel, kui ka süntaktilisel, siis esmasteks temporaalsuse väljendusvahenditeks peetakse ikkagi ajavorme. Kuna erinevate keelte ajavormide süsteemid reeglina ei kattu, võib tõlkijal olla raskusi originaalteksti aegade edasiandmisega tõlkes. Vene ja eesti keele ajavormide süsteemid ei ole samuti identsed, nii näiteks puudub eesti keeles morfoloogiline tulevikuvorm, kuid minevikulist tegevust saab väljendada kolme erineva vormiga (liht-, täis- ja enneminevik).
Arusaadavalt on suurem osa erinevusi originaali ja tõlke ajavormide vahel tuvastatavad vaid kahe teksti võrdlemisel. Objektiivsetel põhjustel (originaali keele mittemõistmine, huvipuudus võrdlemise vastu jne) suurem osa lugejaid kahte teksti kõrvutama loomulikult ei hakka. Samas ei tähenda asjaolu, et lugejad enamasti ei hakka tekstide võrdlemise teel tõlke adekvaatsuse üle otsustama, seda, et tõlkija ei peaks püüdlema tõlke täpsuse poole. Täpsus ei puuduta aga vaid leksikat, milles, nagu arvatakse, väljendub peamine osa tähendusi, vaid ka grammatikat, kus, nagu tõestab see uurimus, ilmnevad originaalteksti autori kavatsused sama selgelt.
Uurimuse eesmärk on selgitada välja grammatilise semantika roll verbi ajavormide tõlkimisel ilukirjanduslikes tekstides vene keelest eesti keelde. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks tuleb lahendada kaks peamist ülesannet. Esiteks selgitada välja see, kui oluline on, mil määral üritab tõlkija anda edasi originaali aja semantikat, millised on paratamatud semantilised kaotused ning millised kaotused tulenevad sellest, et autori kavatsusi pole piisaval määral arvesse võetud või originaali ei ole täielikult mõistetud (eriti puudutab see ajavormi kasutamist sellele mitteomases kontekstis e metafoorkasutust). Teiseks püüab töö autor täpsustada eesti keele ajavormide kasutamisviise, kuna ajavormide metafoorkasutus ei ole eesti keele grammatikas siiani veel piisavalt tähelepanu pälvinud.
Analüüsitavaks materjaliks on valitud eri perioodide (19., 20. ja 21. saj) venekeelne ilukirjandus ja selle tõlked eesti keelde.
Siinse uurimuse seisukohast on oluline, et lähtutakse mitte verbivormist endast, vaid aluseks võetakse konkreetne ajaline ala ning sellest lähtuvalt on eri ajavorme grupeeritud ja analüüsitud, kuna tõlke seisukohast on oluline just semantika ning mitte vorm ise.
Fiction is often characterized by the multifaceted use of tenses. Although the semantics of temporality occur at different levels of language – at both the lexical and the syntactic – temporality is still considered to be expressed primarily in grammatical temporal forms. Since tenses in different languages are not identical, the translator can have some difficulty in correctly expressing the tenses of the original text in the translation. Tenses in both Russian and Estonian take different forms depending on number and meaning; for example, there is no morphological form of the future tense in Estonian, yet past activity can be expressed in three different forms: simple past, perfect and pluperfect. Understandably, most of the differences between an original and its translation are only detected by comparing the two texts side-by-side. For objective reasons (lack of understanding of the original language, lack of interest in comparison, etc.), the majority of readers are of course not going to compare the two texts. However, the fact that readers do not usually compare texts to decide on the adequacy of any given translation does not mean that the translator should not strive for accuracy. However, accuracy is not only affected by vocabulary – which, as expected, carries the most meaning – but also by grammar which, as shown by this study, conveys the intentions of the author of the original text. This thesis has the aim of examining the role of grammatical semantics in translating tenses from Russian to Estonian. To achieve this it is necessary to solve two main tasks. Its first purpose is to examine the importance of the translator’s efforts to convey the semantics of the original’s temporality, and to determine where inevitable semantic losses occur and where such losses result from the fact that the author's intentions were not sufficiently taken into account or that the original was not fully understood, especially concerning the metaphorical use of tenses. Its second purpose is to clarify how tenses are used in the Estonian language since the metaphorical use of grammatical temporal forms in Estonian has not attracted enough attention so far. The material for this analysis is selected from Russian fiction and Estonian translations thereof, dating from different periods (19th, 20th and 21st century). It is important that in the present research the focus of the analysis not be the grammatical forms themselves, but rather the meanings that they express and how, according to these meanings, tenses are classified and studied.
Fiction is often characterized by the multifaceted use of tenses. Although the semantics of temporality occur at different levels of language – at both the lexical and the syntactic – temporality is still considered to be expressed primarily in grammatical temporal forms. Since tenses in different languages are not identical, the translator can have some difficulty in correctly expressing the tenses of the original text in the translation. Tenses in both Russian and Estonian take different forms depending on number and meaning; for example, there is no morphological form of the future tense in Estonian, yet past activity can be expressed in three different forms: simple past, perfect and pluperfect. Understandably, most of the differences between an original and its translation are only detected by comparing the two texts side-by-side. For objective reasons (lack of understanding of the original language, lack of interest in comparison, etc.), the majority of readers are of course not going to compare the two texts. However, the fact that readers do not usually compare texts to decide on the adequacy of any given translation does not mean that the translator should not strive for accuracy. However, accuracy is not only affected by vocabulary – which, as expected, carries the most meaning – but also by grammar which, as shown by this study, conveys the intentions of the author of the original text. This thesis has the aim of examining the role of grammatical semantics in translating tenses from Russian to Estonian. To achieve this it is necessary to solve two main tasks. Its first purpose is to examine the importance of the translator’s efforts to convey the semantics of the original’s temporality, and to determine where inevitable semantic losses occur and where such losses result from the fact that the author's intentions were not sufficiently taken into account or that the original was not fully understood, especially concerning the metaphorical use of tenses. Its second purpose is to clarify how tenses are used in the Estonian language since the metaphorical use of grammatical temporal forms in Estonian has not attracted enough attention so far. The material for this analysis is selected from Russian fiction and Estonian translations thereof, dating from different periods (19th, 20th and 21st century). It is important that in the present research the focus of the analysis not be the grammatical forms themselves, but rather the meanings that they express and how, according to these meanings, tenses are classified and studied.
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Keywords
eesti keel, vene keel, ilukirjandus, tekstid, tõlkimine, pöördsõnad, grammatiline aeg, grammatika, semantika, kõrvutav lingvistika, Estonian language, Russian language, fiction, texts, translation and interpretation, verbs, tense, grammar, semantics, contrastive linguistics