Remote search and seizure of extraterritorial data
Date
2017-03-16
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Abstract
Kasvav digitaliseeritus tähendab kriminaalmenetluse jaoks seda, et aina enam tuleb arvestada nii Interneti, sellega seotud tehnoloogiate kui ka digitaalselt salvestatud või elektroonilisel viisil edastatud andmete omapäradega. Väitekirja eesmärgiks on uurida, võttes aluseks Euroopa Nõukogu arvutikuritegevusevastase konventsiooni (edaspidi konventsioon), kuidas reguleeritakse kaugläbiotsimist olukorras, kus kriminaalmenetluse tarbeks vajalikud digitaalsed tõendid asuvad väljaspool selle riigi territooriumi (piiriülene kaugläbiotsimine) või kui ei ole võimalik nende andmete geograafilist asukohta kindlaks määrata. Sealjuures peetakse kaugläbiotsimise all silmas läbiotsimist, mida toimetatakse (arvuti)süsteemis ning mida laiendatakse läbi selle süsteemi teistesse mujal asuvatesse süsteemidesse või mida viiakse läbi kriminaalmenetlust toimetavate uurimisasutuste süsteemide kaudu. Lisaks traditsioonilistele õigusabi mehhanismidele ning alternatiivsetele meetmetele piiriüleselt asuvate andmete saamiseks analüüsib väitekiri, kas menetlustoiminguna kätkeb piiriülene kaugläbiotsimine endas täidesaatva jurisdiktsiooni piiriülest kohaldamist ning kas seda saab seeläbi vaadelda teise riigi territoriaalse suveräänsuse rikkumisena. Samuti uuritakse, kuidas mõjutab nn ‘asukoha puudumine’ territoriaalse suveräänsuse tõlgendamist. Spetsiifilisemalt peatutakse konventsiooni artiklite 19(2) ja 32(b) lahkamisel ning uuritakse, kas ja mil viisil on need artiklid üle võetud Eesti siseriiklikku kriminaalmenetlusõigusesse. Piiriülese kaugläbiotsimise regulatsiooni analüüsi käigus pakub doktoritöö võrdleva vaate Belgia, Madalmaade ja Saksmaa lähenemisele, kus õiguslike dokumentide analüüsi täiendavad intervjuud nimetatud riikide arvutikuritegevusele spetsialiseerunud prokuröridega. Väitekiri osundab Eesti kaugläbiotsimisega seotud kehtiva regulatsiooni ebaselgusele ning pakub välja elemendid, mida tuleks Eesti kriminaalmenetlusseadustiku uuendamisel silmas pidada, võttes eesmärgiks tagada samaaegselt nii kriminaalmenetluse efektiivsus kui ka siseriiklike ja rahvusvaheliste normide järgimine.
Due to increasing digitalization, criminal procedure has to take into account the characteristics of the Internet, related technologies and digitally stored or electronically transmitted data. The objective of the dissertation is to examine, building on the example of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (CoCC), the regulation of remote search and seizure in circumstances where the targeted evidence is extraterritorially located or where it is not possible to identify the exact location of the data (‘loss of location’). Remote search and seizure entails searches that are either carried out by extending the initial search and seizure to devices accessible from the originally searched device or by remotely conducting search and seizure from other devices such as the law enforcement’s own. In addition to discussing the traditional mutual legal assistance procedures and alternative measures for accessing extraterritorial data, the dissertation scrutinizes whether remote search and seizure of extraterritorial data entails an extraterritorial application of jurisdiction to enforce and whether it can thereby be viewed as a breach of territorial sovereignty of the other state. Furthermore, the dissertation examines how ‘loss of location’ influences the interpretation of territorial sovereignty. Particularly, CoCC Articles 19(2) and 32(b) are be studied and conclusions drawn on whether and how Estonia has transposed these articles to its domestic legislation. In analysing the regulation of remote search and seizure, the research offers a comparative view based on legal literature as well as interviews conducted with public prosecutors specialising in cyber crime from Belgium, Netherlands and Germany. The dissertation draws attention to the lack of clarity of the current Estonian regulation of remote search and seizure, and proposes elements that should be kept in mind while reviewing the Code of Criminal Procedure in order to guarantee both the effectiveness of criminal procedure as well as being in line with domestic and international norms.
Due to increasing digitalization, criminal procedure has to take into account the characteristics of the Internet, related technologies and digitally stored or electronically transmitted data. The objective of the dissertation is to examine, building on the example of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (CoCC), the regulation of remote search and seizure in circumstances where the targeted evidence is extraterritorially located or where it is not possible to identify the exact location of the data (‘loss of location’). Remote search and seizure entails searches that are either carried out by extending the initial search and seizure to devices accessible from the originally searched device or by remotely conducting search and seizure from other devices such as the law enforcement’s own. In addition to discussing the traditional mutual legal assistance procedures and alternative measures for accessing extraterritorial data, the dissertation scrutinizes whether remote search and seizure of extraterritorial data entails an extraterritorial application of jurisdiction to enforce and whether it can thereby be viewed as a breach of territorial sovereignty of the other state. Furthermore, the dissertation examines how ‘loss of location’ influences the interpretation of territorial sovereignty. Particularly, CoCC Articles 19(2) and 32(b) are be studied and conclusions drawn on whether and how Estonia has transposed these articles to its domestic legislation. In analysing the regulation of remote search and seizure, the research offers a comparative view based on legal literature as well as interviews conducted with public prosecutors specialising in cyber crime from Belgium, Netherlands and Germany. The dissertation draws attention to the lack of clarity of the current Estonian regulation of remote search and seizure, and proposes elements that should be kept in mind while reviewing the Code of Criminal Procedure in order to guarantee both the effectiveness of criminal procedure as well as being in line with domestic and international norms.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
andmed, kaugläbiotsimine, piiriülene koostöö, data, cross-border cooperation, küberkuriteod, computer crimes