Semiotics of natural disasters: the entanglements of environmental and cultural transformations
Kuupäev
2024-11-26
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Doktoritöös analüüsitakse, kuidas inimesed mõtestavad katastroofe, ning näidatakse, kuidas semiootika abil saab mõista erinevaid katastroofitõlgendusi. Töös uuritakse ka seda, kuidas katastroofid on seotud katastroofieelsete ja -järgsete sotsiokultuuriliste protsessidega ning küsitakse, kas nad soodustavad pigem kultuurilisi muutusi või püsivust. Töö tugineb kvalitatiivsel uurimistööl kahes looduskatastroofi järgses Indoneesia piirkonnas – 2004. a. India ookeani tsunami järgses Acehis ja 2010. a. vulkaanipurske järgsetes Merapi mäe külades. Teoreetiliste tugipunktidena kasutatakse töös ökosemiootikat, kultuurimälu uuringuid, Juri Lotmani semiootilist pärandit ja poliitilist ökoloogiat. Töös leitakse, et looduskatastroofidele saab läheneda terviklikumalt, kui arvestada nii looduslikke kui sotsiaalseid tegureid, mis muudavad teatud ühiskonnagrupid haavatavaks. Samas on oluline silmas pidada ka neid sotsiaalseid tegureid ja oskusi, mis tõstavad inimeste vastupanuvõimet. Mõtestades looduskatastroofe semiootiliste protsessidena, mis hõlmavad äratundmise, nimetamise, hindamise ning ennetamise faase, on võimalik ületada looduse-kultuuri lõhe ja uurida, kuidas keskkonna omadused, sotsiaalmajanduslik olukord ning kultuuriprotsessid kõik kujundavad looduskatastroofe. Looduskatastroofid toovad sageli kaasa vaatepunktide vastandumise, eriti mõjutatud kogukondade ja abiorganisatsioonide vahel. See hõlmab ebavõrdseid võimusuhteid ning erinevat dialoogisoovi. Haavatavad grupid ehk need, keda katastroofid kõige enam mõjutavad, võivad seetõttu pidada taastumisprotsessi üheks järjekordseks kriisiks, milles nende vajadustega ei arvestata. Töös leitakse ka, et ühes ajaloolises kontekstis võib katastroof kiirendada kultuurimuutusi, samas kui teisel hetkel võib see tagada olemasoleva sotsiokultuurilise korra püsimise. Selleks et hinnata kultuurilisi muutusi, on vaja seega analüüsida katastroofe nende ajaloolisel taustal, hõlmates pikemaajalisi protsesse ja vaadeldes kultuuripidevuse ja -muutuse dünaamikat.
This thesis discusses how people make sense of disasters and how semiotics can help to explain different disaster interpretations. It also examines how disasters are intertwined with pre- and post-disaster socio-cultural processes, prompting a question of whether they lead to cultural changes or continuities. Drawing on qualitative research from two post-disaster contexts in Indonesia, Aceh following the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami and Mt. Merapi after the 2010 eruption, this study utilises frameworks from ecosemiotics, cultural memory studies, Lotmanian semiotic inheritance, and political ecology. I argue that the most comprehensive approach to studying disasters considers both the role of natural hazards and the social factors that make certain groups more vulnerable, as well as the cultural resilience that helps people cope with the hazards. Conceptualising disasters as semiotic processes, involving recognition, denomination, evaluation, and anticipation, helps to move beyond nature-culture divide and explore how environmental features, socio-economic circumstances, and cultural dynamics shape disasters. This approach also reveals that disasters often bring competing perspectives, especially between affected communities and external helpers, often incorporating imbalanced power relations and differing wish for dialogue. Vulnerable groups, those most affected by disaster, may experience the recovery process as yet another crisis, if the processes fail to meet their needs. I also argue that in one historical context, a natural disaster might trigger or accelerate cultural shifts, while in another, it might reinforce the stability of socio-cultural orders. Assessing these shifts requires contextualising disasters historically, encompassing long-term studies and observations of the dynamics of cultural continuity and change.
This thesis discusses how people make sense of disasters and how semiotics can help to explain different disaster interpretations. It also examines how disasters are intertwined with pre- and post-disaster socio-cultural processes, prompting a question of whether they lead to cultural changes or continuities. Drawing on qualitative research from two post-disaster contexts in Indonesia, Aceh following the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami and Mt. Merapi after the 2010 eruption, this study utilises frameworks from ecosemiotics, cultural memory studies, Lotmanian semiotic inheritance, and political ecology. I argue that the most comprehensive approach to studying disasters considers both the role of natural hazards and the social factors that make certain groups more vulnerable, as well as the cultural resilience that helps people cope with the hazards. Conceptualising disasters as semiotic processes, involving recognition, denomination, evaluation, and anticipation, helps to move beyond nature-culture divide and explore how environmental features, socio-economic circumstances, and cultural dynamics shape disasters. This approach also reveals that disasters often bring competing perspectives, especially between affected communities and external helpers, often incorporating imbalanced power relations and differing wish for dialogue. Vulnerable groups, those most affected by disaster, may experience the recovery process as yet another crisis, if the processes fail to meet their needs. I also argue that in one historical context, a natural disaster might trigger or accelerate cultural shifts, while in another, it might reinforce the stability of socio-cultural orders. Assessing these shifts requires contextualising disasters historically, encompassing long-term studies and observations of the dynamics of cultural continuity and change.
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