Bacterial ribosome heterogeneity on the example of bL31 paralogs in Escherichia coli
Date
2022-07-19
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Abstract
Selleks, et ellu jääda, kasvada ja paljuneda, vajavad organismid sadu erinevaid valke, mis toimivad struktuursete komponentide, ensüümide, signaalivahendajate, transpordi- ja säilitusmolekulidena. Lisaks sellele on elutähtis, et valgud oleksid funktsionaalsed sobivas koguses, õigel ajal ja vajalikus kohas – seetõttu on valgusüntees ja selle regulatsioon kesksemaid eluprotsesse. Kõiki valke sünteesivad ribosoomid, RNA-st ja valkudest koosnevad kompleksid. Bakteri ribosoom, selle doktoritöö uurimisobjekt, koosneb kolmest ribosoomi RNAst ja rohkem kui 50 ribosoomi valgust, mis jagunevad kahe subühiku vahel. Eksperimentaalselt on kindlaks tehtud, et nii päris- kui eeltuumsed organismid sisaldavad mõnevõrra erineva ülesehitusega ribosoome. Samas ei ole selle nähtuse – ribosoomide heterogeensuse – bioloogiline tähtsus teada.
Käesoleva doktoritöö fookuses on soolekepikese (E. coli) teatud tüüpi ribosoomi valgud (paraloogid), millel on ühine eellane, kuid mis kodeerivad erinevaid valke. Küsimus on, kas E. coli ribosoomid on paraloogide poolest heterogeensed. Mis võiks olla sellise molekulaarse mitmekesisuse roll valgusünteesil ja bakterite kasvu jaoks? E. coli ribosoomide valgulise koostise analüüs tuvastas, et nii kiire kasvu korral kui statsionaarses kasvufaasis esinevad samaaegselt ribosoomi valkude paraloogide poolest heterogeensed ribosoomid. Kasvukatsed näitasid, et ribosoomi valk bL31 paraloogid (bL31A ja bL31B) on olulised, ent mitte samaväärsed bakterite kasvuks madalamatel temperatuuridel. Nimelt annab bL31A olemasolu bakterirakkudele kiire kasvu faasis kasvueelise võrreldes bL31B-ga. bL31A ja bL31B osalevad üksteisega samaväärselt optimaalse translatsiooni initsiatsiooni etapi kiiruse ja ribosoomi subühikute ühendamise tagamisel. Samas näitavad meie tulemused, et võrreldes bL31B-d sisaldavate ribosoomidega on bL31A-d sisaldavad ribosoomid protsessiivsemad ja teevad vähem vigu valgusünteesi käigus. Doktoritöö tulemused avardavad oluliselt teadmisi ribosoomide heterogeensusest bakterites ning ribosoomi valgu bL31 tähtsusest valgusünteesil.
To survive, grow and reproduce all organisms need hundreds of proteins acting as enzymes, messengers, structural components, transport and storage molecules. In addition, proteins are required to be functional at the right place, time and in sufficient amount. Therefore, protein synthesis and its regulation belong to the most central life processes. Proteins are synthesized by RNA-protein complexes called ribosomes. Experimental evidence indicates that eukaryotic and procaryotic organisms produce ribosomes with slightly different structure. The biological meaning of the phenomenon – ribosome heterogeneity – is not known. This thesis focuses on bacterial ribosome heterogeneity originating from a certain type of ribosomal proteins (paralogs) in E. coli. Paralogs have a common ancestor gene, but they encode proteins with different amino acid sequence. How does ribosome heterogeneity in ribosomal protein bL31 paralog content affect bacterial growth and translation? Analysis of ribosomal protein content showed that E. coli ribosomes are heterogeneous with respect to paralogs during fast and stationary growth phase. Subsequent work on bL31 paralogs (bL31A and bL31B) demonstrated that they are important but not equivalent for bacterial growth at lower temperatures because bL31A gives growth advantage over bL31B during fast growth. Both bL31 paralogs contribute to similar extent to translation initiation, especially to subunit joining. Interestingly, bL31A containing ribosomes are more processive and they make less errors during translation as compared to ribosomes with bL31B. This indicates that ribosome heterogeneity in bL31 paralog content may regulate translation. This thesis shed light onto functional importance of bacterial ribosome heterogeneity and thus helps us to better understand its biological meaning.
To survive, grow and reproduce all organisms need hundreds of proteins acting as enzymes, messengers, structural components, transport and storage molecules. In addition, proteins are required to be functional at the right place, time and in sufficient amount. Therefore, protein synthesis and its regulation belong to the most central life processes. Proteins are synthesized by RNA-protein complexes called ribosomes. Experimental evidence indicates that eukaryotic and procaryotic organisms produce ribosomes with slightly different structure. The biological meaning of the phenomenon – ribosome heterogeneity – is not known. This thesis focuses on bacterial ribosome heterogeneity originating from a certain type of ribosomal proteins (paralogs) in E. coli. Paralogs have a common ancestor gene, but they encode proteins with different amino acid sequence. How does ribosome heterogeneity in ribosomal protein bL31 paralog content affect bacterial growth and translation? Analysis of ribosomal protein content showed that E. coli ribosomes are heterogeneous with respect to paralogs during fast and stationary growth phase. Subsequent work on bL31 paralogs (bL31A and bL31B) demonstrated that they are important but not equivalent for bacterial growth at lower temperatures because bL31A gives growth advantage over bL31B during fast growth. Both bL31 paralogs contribute to similar extent to translation initiation, especially to subunit joining. Interestingly, bL31A containing ribosomes are more processive and they make less errors during translation as compared to ribosomes with bL31B. This indicates that ribosome heterogeneity in bL31 paralog content may regulate translation. This thesis shed light onto functional importance of bacterial ribosome heterogeneity and thus helps us to better understand its biological meaning.
Description
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Keywords
Escherichia coli, bacteria, heterogeneous systems