The ambivalent role of Estonian press in implementation of the Soviet totalitarian project
Date
2011-07-04
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Abstract
Nõukogude ajakirjanduse rolli ühiskonnas, mida pikka aega on nähtud eeskätt kommunistliku propagandistina, on viimasel ajal hakatud tõlgendama ka laiemalt. Minu doktoritöö lähtepunktiks on nõukogude ühiskonna käsitlus nn totalitaarse projektina – erinevate totalitaarse ühiskonna poole suunduvate protsesside kogumina. Selles kontekstis käsitlen Eesti nõukogude ajakirjanduse rolli kommunistliku partei ideoloogilise tööriistana, näidates, et parteilisest juhtimisest ja kontrollist hoolimata täitis eestikeelne ajakirjandus seda ülesannet vaid osaliselt. Üks levinumaid viise ajakirjandust propagandarelvana kasutada oli selle abil uue, nõukoguliku ajalookäsituse loomine eesmärgiga kujundada ühtset nõukogulikku identiteeti, lojaalset homo sovieticust. Väitekirjas näitan, kuidas EKP ajakirjanduse abil kujundas nn juunimüüti (tõlgendust nõukogulikust riigipöördest 1940. aastal kui Eesti vabatahtlikust liitumisest NSV Liiduga). Sellise propaganda efekt jäi siiski küsitavaks, võttes arvesse alternatiivsete ajalootõlgenduste säilimist privaatsfääris.
Eriti alates 1960. aastastest kujunes eestikeelses ajakirjanduses (isegi parteilistes häälekandjates nagu „Edasi“ , aga veelgi enam kultuuriväljaannetes) välja nn „vaikne vastupanu“. EKP ja ENSV Glavliti arhiividokumendid ning mälestused tõestavad, et küllalt palju ajakirjanikke ja toimetajaid oskas süsteemi sees reeglite vahel laveerides ja kitsaskohti (nt topeltalluvustest tulenevad vastuolud) ära kasutades ideoloogilisele survele vastu seista. Ajakirjanikud kasutasid nii toimetuslikke võtteid (nt ideoloogiliselt „kahtlaste“ materjalide peitmine muu materjali sekka) kui mitmesuguseid keelelisi vahendeid. Selliselt täitis ajakirjandus kahetist rolli – üheaegselt toetades ja ellu viies totalitaarset projekti, töötas ta ka sellele vastu, kujundades ja vahendades vaimse vastupanu diskursust.
The press in the Soviet society has mostly been seen as a tool of communist propaganda, controlled and supervised by the Communist Party. In recent decades, other interpretations have also emerged, which deal with the issue from a wider perspective. The basic theoretical framework of this thesis for describing Soviet society and contextualizing the research object, the press in Soviet Estonia, is the totalitarian project – an umbrella term for various simultaneous processes, which aimed at the realization of a totalitarian regime. Proceeding from this approach, the thesis demonstrates that the press in Soviet Estonia carried simultaneously two opposing roles. On one hand, the press worked as a propaganda tool for legitimating and promulgating the Soviet power in Estonia, and forming the identity of homo sovieticus among Estonian people. A part of this identity building was the purposeful distortion of historical truth and the construction of a new, Soviet history concept. The thesis gives an example of the construction of the June myth – a canonized concept, which represented the Soviet coup d’état in Estonia in 1940 as a volunteer act of the Estonian people. On the other hand, the press undermined the totalitarian project by developing an alternative, hidden between the lines discourse of ‘silent resistance’, especially from the 1960s onwards. The analysis of the archival documents of the Estonian Communist Party and the censorship administration, ESSR Glavlit, prove that many journalists and editors managed to use weaknesses of the control system to manoeuvre between the censorship rules. They developed regime challenging strategies within the official press at editorial and discursive levels, e.g. sometimes making use of personal connections with censors and party officials, or hiding their messages between the lines. Such cases, appearing mostly in the less controlled press from the 1960s onwards, prove that the Soviet press in Estonia fulfilled an ambivalent role – simultaneously implementing the totalitarian project as well as undermining it by maintaining a ‘silent resistance’.
The press in the Soviet society has mostly been seen as a tool of communist propaganda, controlled and supervised by the Communist Party. In recent decades, other interpretations have also emerged, which deal with the issue from a wider perspective. The basic theoretical framework of this thesis for describing Soviet society and contextualizing the research object, the press in Soviet Estonia, is the totalitarian project – an umbrella term for various simultaneous processes, which aimed at the realization of a totalitarian regime. Proceeding from this approach, the thesis demonstrates that the press in Soviet Estonia carried simultaneously two opposing roles. On one hand, the press worked as a propaganda tool for legitimating and promulgating the Soviet power in Estonia, and forming the identity of homo sovieticus among Estonian people. A part of this identity building was the purposeful distortion of historical truth and the construction of a new, Soviet history concept. The thesis gives an example of the construction of the June myth – a canonized concept, which represented the Soviet coup d’état in Estonia in 1940 as a volunteer act of the Estonian people. On the other hand, the press undermined the totalitarian project by developing an alternative, hidden between the lines discourse of ‘silent resistance’, especially from the 1960s onwards. The analysis of the archival documents of the Estonian Communist Party and the censorship administration, ESSR Glavlit, prove that many journalists and editors managed to use weaknesses of the control system to manoeuvre between the censorship rules. They developed regime challenging strategies within the official press at editorial and discursive levels, e.g. sometimes making use of personal connections with censors and party officials, or hiding their messages between the lines. Such cases, appearing mostly in the less controlled press from the 1960s onwards, prove that the Soviet press in Estonia fulfilled an ambivalent role – simultaneously implementing the totalitarian project as well as undermining it by maintaining a ‘silent resistance’.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
dissertatsioonid, Eesti, ajakirjandus, nõukogude aeg, ajakirjandusajalugu, sotsialism, totalitarism, propaganda, Estonia, journalism, Soviet studies, history of journalism, socialism, totalitarianism, propaganda