The distribution and role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant communities
Date
2022-12-09
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Abstract
Mükoriisne sümbioos soontaimede ja mullaseente vahel on maismaaökosüsteemides laialt levinud ja mängib olulist rolli nende toimimises. Antud doktoritöö avardab teadmisi mükoriissuse levikust taimkattes, seda mõjutavatest keskkonnateguritest ja sellest, kuidas mükoriissus mõjutab taimede kooseksisteerimist ja mitmekesisust. Eesti taimekoosluste analüüsimisel selgus, et parasvöötme metsad on mükoriissemad, kuid suhteliselt vähem arbuskulaar-mükoriissemad võrreldes rohumaadega ning see on põhjustatud erinevustest mullaviljakuses, -happesuses ja -niiskuses. Kontinentaalsel skaalal nähtus, et erinevate mükoriissete tunnustega taimedel on erinev levikumuster piki laiuskraadi: arbuskulaar-mükoriissed taimed domineerivad kogu Euroopas, kuid nende osakaal kahaneb põhjapoolsetel aladel. Seevastu ekto- ja erikoidset mükoriisat moodustavate taimede osakaal on madal laiuskraadist sõltumata. Euroopa põhjapoolsemaid alasid iseloomustab mükoriisse sümbioosi osatähtsuse vähenemine. Lisaks ilmnes, et kontinentaalsel skaalal mängivad mükoriisse sümbioosi levikul olulist rolli nii mulla- kui ka kliimatingimused. Ühtlasi osutasid tulemused ka mükoriissuse tähtsusele taimekoosluste mitmekesisuse kujunemisel: arbuskulaar-mükoriissus soosis taimede liigirikkust uuritud metsades. Üheks võimalikuks viisiks, kuidas mükoriisa moodustamine taimede kooseksisteerimist mõjutada võib, on taimede ressursi- ja elupaiganõudluste ehk niššide muutmine. Oma tulemustega näitasime esimest korda, et erinevate mükoriissete tunnustega taimedel on tõepoolest erinevad nišid, võides seega muuta taimedevahelisi suhteid. Oluliseks probleemiks looduslikes kooslustes on süvenev inimtegevus. Hollandi taimkatte põhjal tehtud uuringus selgus, et inimtegevus muudab taimekoosluste mükoriissust, kuid selle mõju sõltub inimtegevuse tüübist ja koosluse valdavast mükoriisatüübist. Üldiselt selgus siiski, et inimtegevus mõjutab mükoriissust enim metsades ja nõmmekooslustes, võides muuta ka aineringete toimimist.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis between vascular plants and soil fungi is considered ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a key role in ecosystem processes. This doctoral thesis advances our understanding about the distribution of mycorrhizal symbiosis in vegetation at larger scales, its drivers and how it relates to plant coexistence and diversity. At regional scale, we show quantitatively that the forests in Estonia are more mycorrhizal but less arbuscular mycorrhizal than grasslands and vice versa. These distribution patterns were driven by edaphic factors, such as soil fertility, pH and moisture. At the continental scale, we revealed the latitudinal distribution patterns of plants with different mycorrhizal traits: arbuscular mycorrhizal plants prevailed across Europe, although their share decreased in the north, while minor but opposite trends were observed for ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal plants. Northern areas in Europe were characterized by increased share of non-mycorrhizal and facultatively mycorrhizal plants. The mycorrhizal distribution at the continental scale was driven both by soil and climatic factors. Our results also suggest that arbuscular mycorrhization in Estonian forests is associated with higher plant richness. Mycorrhizal symbiosis could potentially affect plant diversity by reducing resource competition between plant species, i.e., by promoting plant niche partitioning. For the first time, we show that plants with different mycorrhizal characteristics indeed show evidence of niche differentiation. Also, mycorrhizal associations could be influenced by increasing human pressure on ecosystems. The analysis of the Dutch vegetation showed that mycorrhization of plant communities is affected by anthropogenic influence, but the effect depends on the type of human impact and the dominant mycorrhizal type. However, the mycorrhization of forests and heathlands were most affected, potentially also having subsequent effects on nutrient cycling.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis between vascular plants and soil fungi is considered ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a key role in ecosystem processes. This doctoral thesis advances our understanding about the distribution of mycorrhizal symbiosis in vegetation at larger scales, its drivers and how it relates to plant coexistence and diversity. At regional scale, we show quantitatively that the forests in Estonia are more mycorrhizal but less arbuscular mycorrhizal than grasslands and vice versa. These distribution patterns were driven by edaphic factors, such as soil fertility, pH and moisture. At the continental scale, we revealed the latitudinal distribution patterns of plants with different mycorrhizal traits: arbuscular mycorrhizal plants prevailed across Europe, although their share decreased in the north, while minor but opposite trends were observed for ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal plants. Northern areas in Europe were characterized by increased share of non-mycorrhizal and facultatively mycorrhizal plants. The mycorrhizal distribution at the continental scale was driven both by soil and climatic factors. Our results also suggest that arbuscular mycorrhization in Estonian forests is associated with higher plant richness. Mycorrhizal symbiosis could potentially affect plant diversity by reducing resource competition between plant species, i.e., by promoting plant niche partitioning. For the first time, we show that plants with different mycorrhizal characteristics indeed show evidence of niche differentiation. Also, mycorrhizal associations could be influenced by increasing human pressure on ecosystems. The analysis of the Dutch vegetation showed that mycorrhization of plant communities is affected by anthropogenic influence, but the effect depends on the type of human impact and the dominant mycorrhizal type. However, the mycorrhization of forests and heathlands were most affected, potentially also having subsequent effects on nutrient cycling.
Description
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Keywords
mycorrhiza, symbiosis, plant communities