The impact of oil shale mine water on hydrological pathways and regime in northeast Estonia
Date
2014-11-05
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Abstract
Maavarade kaevandamisega mõjutatakse tugevasti looduskeskkonda, eelkõige hüdroloogilist režiimi, aga ka maastikku tervikuna. Läbi aastate on põlevkivi kaevandamise aktiivsus Purtse valglal olnud erinev, kuna kõrvuti uute kaevanduste avamisega hakati ammendunud kaevevälju ka sulgema. Kaevandusala jõgedel on aga voolurežiimi spetsiifiliseks tunnuseks vooluhulga suurenemine, mis toimub peamiselt alumiste põhjaveekihtide infiltratsiooni tõttu kaevandusse, kus see omakorda kaevandusvee osana jõkke suunatakse. Inflitratsiooni suurus on ruumiliselt väga varieeruv ja sõltub kaevanduse geoloogilisest ehitusest ning sügavusest. Kuigi umbes 20 % Purtse valglast on mõjutatud kaevandustegevuse poolt, võib aasta keskmise vooluhulga suurenemine olla minimaalne. See on seotud vähese lisapõhjavee sissevooluga kaevandusse (kuni 5 % väljapumbatavast kaevandusvee kogusest). Vastupidine näide on Pühajõgi, kus kaevandusvee suunamisel on selgelt tugev mõju voolurežiimile. Lisapõhjavee sissevool valgla kaevandustesse (umbes 50% valglast on kaevanduste all) moodustab kuni 80 % kaevandusveest, mis tõstab jõe keskmist vooluhulka üle viiendiku pikaajalisest keskmisest vooluhulgast.
Kuigi Purtse jõe puhul aasta keskmises vooluhulgas muutusi näha pole, on madalvee perioodil väiksemates lisajõgedes veetase tõusnud. Võrreldes Purtse jõe suurvee perioodi poolloodusliku Keila jõe andmetega, siis näeme väiksemaid muutusi suurvee käitumises. Üldine suurvee periood kestab Purtse jõel keskmiselt 3 päeva kauem. Suurveetipp Keila jõel jõuab kätte küll neli päeva varem, kuid selle perioodi vooluhulk on Purtse omast kõrgem. Seevastu peale suurvetippu toimub Purtse jõe suurvee langus ühtlasemalt ning kõrgema keskmise vooluhulgaga.
Käesoleva töö tulemused pakuvad olulist lisateavet kaevandusest mõjutatud jõgede voolurežiimi kohta ning on kasutatavad kaevandusala valglate planeerimisel ja jätkusuutlikul majandamisel.
Mining activity can change both the runoff regimes and drainage areas of river systems when new mines are opened or closed. Mine water discharge can affect river run-off seasonally or can influence river hydrological regime annually. Current analyses show that the annual mine water discharged to the River Purtse catchment area does not affect its long-term annual as it regime shift appears to be driven primarily by precipitation. Although, the percentage of extra groundwater in the mine water is much higher and effect on the River Pühajõgi is greater. However, mine water discharge can affect the River Purtse baseflow minima, thus increasing the amount of the run-off during summer months and changes in high water period. During phases of intense mining, summer baseflow is between 53-72% higher than long-term average baseflow in the Purtse catchment, and between 66-92% higher in the smaller Pühajõgi catchment, where the volumetric significance of mine discharges is greater. Also mine water influences high water period behaviour, where the average before-peak period is four days shorter, with a smaller run-off rate, but is usually longer with much higher run-off after the peak period. The reference catchment of the River Keila does not show any significant change in summer baseflow during the study period, suggesting that the changes in the Pühajõgi and Purtse are not controlled by climatic drivers. The strategic placement of mine water discharge points in positions that minimise flow path changes and minimise the volumetric significance of change in flow in receiving water courses would limit the extent of any impacts. Thus, results of this study can be used for the planning and sustainable management of mining-influenced river catchments.
Mining activity can change both the runoff regimes and drainage areas of river systems when new mines are opened or closed. Mine water discharge can affect river run-off seasonally or can influence river hydrological regime annually. Current analyses show that the annual mine water discharged to the River Purtse catchment area does not affect its long-term annual as it regime shift appears to be driven primarily by precipitation. Although, the percentage of extra groundwater in the mine water is much higher and effect on the River Pühajõgi is greater. However, mine water discharge can affect the River Purtse baseflow minima, thus increasing the amount of the run-off during summer months and changes in high water period. During phases of intense mining, summer baseflow is between 53-72% higher than long-term average baseflow in the Purtse catchment, and between 66-92% higher in the smaller Pühajõgi catchment, where the volumetric significance of mine discharges is greater. Also mine water influences high water period behaviour, where the average before-peak period is four days shorter, with a smaller run-off rate, but is usually longer with much higher run-off after the peak period. The reference catchment of the River Keila does not show any significant change in summer baseflow during the study period, suggesting that the changes in the Pühajõgi and Purtse are not controlled by climatic drivers. The strategic placement of mine water discharge points in positions that minimise flow path changes and minimise the volumetric significance of change in flow in receiving water courses would limit the extent of any impacts. Thus, results of this study can be used for the planning and sustainable management of mining-influenced river catchments.
Description
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Keywords
valgalad, veebilanss, äravool, põlevkivikaevandused, Purtse jõgi, Kirde-Eesti, watersheds, water balance, runoff, oil shale mines, River Purtse, North-Eastern Estonia