Demokraatia ja valitsemise õppekava magistritööd – Master´s theses

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttps://hdl.handle.net/10062/56887

Sirvi

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Invented traditionalism vs. entrenched informal institutions: viability of hybrid governance in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Lagurashvili, Tamari; Pettai, Vello, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Hybrid Governance as a coexistence of state and traditional institutions challenges conventional understanding of state fragility/failure and offers a new perspective for developing states. Being capable of overcoming a modern-traditional dichotomy, hybrid governance represents fluidity of formal-informal institutional setup where the informal actors including Bigmen, chiefs or other traditional leaders complement the state capacity. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland as three Southern African states being subject to the British colonial rule are notable examples of different forms of hybrid governance, where the pre-colonial state formation blended with the “imported” colonial state resulted in the institutional dualism. However, the divergent political transition witnessed across the countries questions the viability of hybrid governance and requires a closer analysis of how conducive such institutional mixture can be to democratic transition. This study builds on the premise that higher importance of traditional institutions vis à vis the state can be less conducive to democratization due to inherent incompatibility of the indigenous traditional tenets with democracy and reflects on the role of pre-colonial state and colonial legacy in molding hybrid governance.
Elite mythmaking on the run: the case of World War Two narrative in modern Ukraine
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Nekoliak, Andrii; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The thesis inquires into governmental memory politics in Ukraine in the aftermath of Euromaidan protests focusing on the representation of the Second World War. At the theoretical level, the thesis has scrutinized concepts pertaining to studies in memory politics: political memory, memory agents, elite-mythmaking, and narratives. It also conceptualized the European discourses on the Second World War in order to evaluate newly forged Ukrainian narrative on WW2 in their light. At the analysis level, the thesis both scrutinized official legislative and administrative measures pertaining to WW2 remembrance as well as applied narrative analysis to the case of newly introduced narrative about the Ukrainians in WW2 by developing a set of narrative analysis categories. As the thesis argues, elite-mythmaking selectively ‘Europeanizes’ Ukrainian representation of WW2 while the narrative follows the essential characteristics of the Eastern Central European (ECE) historical narrative about the Second World War.
Economic voting in the European Union: the impact of the EU economic integration index
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Nikolov, Adrian; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Economic voting has long been a popular theory, explaining voting behavior; its application to multilevel governance structures however is not widely studied. This research takes the EU as an example of multi-layered governance structure with varying democratic practices, and applies macro-level economic voting models to a sample of 141 elections in the 28 EU member states for the 1990-2016 period. In order to assess the impact of the EU on the economic voting phenomenon, a synthetic index of European economic integration was created, based on an existing methodology. The application of regression analysis on key macroeconomic factors on the support for the incumbent prime-ministerial party found that the macro-level economic voting hypothesis holds true for a number of predictors, including the growth of gross domestic product, income inequality and the effective number of parties. In the same time, the interactions with the integration index did not lead, as hypothesized, to the complete disappearance of economic effects on the vote, so it could not be claimed with certainty that European integration disqualifies the economic considerations of voters in the EU member-states.
The effect of voting advice applications on Estonian voters' voting behaviour
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Ivask, Pille; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
In the age of digitalisation and information overflow, it might be difficult for people to decide which information to consume and trust. However, next to all of that, we still have to make important decisions and one of them taking part in elections. In recent years, Voting Advice Applications or VAAs, as they are usually abbreviated, have become increasingly popular among voters in many countries. It is not an exaggeration to say that they are now the real part of how a voter makes his or her voting decision. The typical reason for this tends to be the fact that using VAA is rational for a voter: s/he gets the information from one place, and what is even more important, based on his or her opinions on certain matters, the program matches and also compares voter’s views to the ones of political party or candidate. Yet, quite little is known about the impact of VAAs. The aim of my master thesis is to contribute to the investigation of VAAs and have a look at their impact on Estonian voters’ voting behaviour. To do so, I will be using two datasets: panel data from European Parliament elections in 2014 and survey data on Estonian national elections in 2015. It is worth noting that in Estonia’s case panel data has not studied before in order to see the possible effect of VAAs on voting behaviour. I will pose three questions in my thesis: how do VAAs influence voting turnout, how do they change voter’s choice set, and finally, if VAAs have any effect on final vote choice. From statistical point of view, the results of my analysis are mostly insignificant. Leaving this aside, I found that based on those two datasets VAAs act more like a control mechanism: those people who already have decided to go to vote also tend to use VAA, also there is mostly no change in their choice set. One reason for this can be found from so called bottleneck theory – people who are more exposed to information, internet usage and different possibilities are therefore also less affected by VAA as it is one competing information source. From the other hand, those people, who are more likely to be affected by VAA, are not exposed to it and therefore I could not see effect of it on voting behaviour. In terms of final vote choice, I noticed that those people who used VAA were also more likely to change their final vote choice. However, as it was statistically insignificant, I cannot say that it translates to the whole population.
Democracy, economy and happiness in post-Soviet States (1995-2014)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Dimitrova, Lyubomira; Ehin, Piret, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Defining and measuring happiness has been a major topic for many generations of scholars. The contemporary discussion tackles upon the main predictors of happiness and their influence on the subject. This paper focuses on the influence of democracy and economy towards happiness, using the fifteen post- Soviet countries as cases. The data for the research has been collected from 1995 to 2014 and has been analyzed both on aggregate and individual level. The results show that on individual level both the economic status and the satisfaction with democracy have significant influence towards happiness. However, on aggregate level the income inequality appears to be the only predictor of happiness in both cases where the democracy factor is controlled for or not.
Ukraine and Georgia since “color” revolutions: factors that influence foreign policy change
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Koberidze, Natia; Pettai, Vello, juhendaja; Kakabadze, Shota, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
A substantial volume of analysis was generated among scholars and theorists around the foreign policy orientation of Georgia and Ukraine. The foreign policy of these post-Soviet countries was determined as respective of both, external and domestic challenges at hand. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the countries’ geopolitical status quo has been challenged, and broader opportunities for the newly independent states have come to exist. The relevance of countries’ domestic strategy and the outcome of foreign policy is the spotlight of this research. This study makes an effort to fill the gap in social science literature about foreign policy orientation change in transitional democratic, post-Soviet countries-Ukraine and Georgia. These are countries that have aspired to the same geopolitical goal but because of significant external and domestic challenges were prone not to the same consequences in foreign policy. Ukraine, with its weak and corrupt state institutions, mostly pro-Russian political class, economic and energy dependence on Russia, can be considered as a case more likely to change geopolitical orientation. At the same time Georgia, weak and once dependent on external power but, with a mostly different type of development, recently altered its pro-Western government on a new, with a declared conformist policy concerning Russia, but it still has not deviated from the chosen, Western path. The thesis attempt to define what affects the foreign policy orientation of Ukraine and Georgia after Color Revolutions. The paper tries to answer the following questions: Why the change occurred in Ukraine but not in Georgia? What made Ukraine swing like a pendulum in foreign policy and Georgia-remain relatively stable? Which domestic political factors were decisive for the foreign policy change in Ukraine and is keeping Georgia on the chosen path? How did domestic politics contribute to the foreign policy change? This comparative case study of Ukraine and Georgia considers domestic political factors after two Color-Revolutions in Ukraine (2004) and Georgia (2003); The expected core idea of this thesis studies particular factors that affect foreign policy orientation of chosen countries. With comparative analyses, there is an attempt to enrich the foreign policy change phenomena of dependent states and assess its probability
Between homeland and fatherland: Russian identity in Estonia and Latvia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Ulasevich, Semen; Kallas, Kristina, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
From votes to nicheness or from nicheness to votes? - the relationship between electoral fortunes and political strategies in Scandinavian countries
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Baghdasaryan, Naira; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
A "new institutional" perspective on energy policy network formation: a case study of the Central and Eastern European Sustainable Energy Network
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Davidovi, Giorgi; Muhhina, Kristina, juhendaja; Pagan, Hector C., juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The research looked at the successful policy network formation process in new EU energy governance perspective and studied the CEESEN Central and Eastern European Sustainable Energy Network case. Thesis used “New Institutionalism” analytical framework to approach the successful network formation process. Thesis addressed the question of how meanings and purposes of EU new energy governance constrain and contribute to the successful emergence of policy networks in the case of the Central and Eastern European Sustainable Energy Network CEESEN. The study made tentative suggestion that the successful policy network formation happens by institutionalizing the structures of meanings via standardization, homogenization, and authorization of meanings in the case of CEESEN network. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to approach the date. Analysis consisted of 8 interviews with core and secondary network members, network materials and documentation, EU energy policy documents. Thesis brought a theoretical contribution to the institutionalization and network formation theory, provided a practical recommendation to the policy field and suggested further research avenues.
The impact of military tension on economic growth: comparative study of Israel and South Korea
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Nozadze, Mariam; Pettai, Vello, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
In development literature, there is a debate over what exactly causes rapid economic growth. There is a variety of opinions starting with market liberalization, big amount of FDI, support to education and healthcare and ending with good governance and development aid. This thesis suggests an alternative approach, when it comes to development – “people respond to incentives” and none of the well-proven strategies will work if the incentives are not right. Thesis suggests that military tension can be one of those motivators. Paper examines economic effect of military industrialization in Israel and South Korea, and more specifically spin-off effects of defense Research and Development. These countries are interesting because they spend the highest percentage of their GDP on Research and Development and bigger portions of these funding go to defense R&D. The research paper found out that in South Korea defense R&D has a significant correlation to innovation indicator which is patent applications per year. In Israel defense R&D data is classified which gives us a basis to think that their defense R&D is even higher than South Korea’s. Data indicating the money spend in other fields of R&D in Israel do not have a significant correlation with innovation indicator. In sum, the thesis suggests that there is considerable evidence to assume that military tension has a positive impact on growth rate. Also, thesis assumes that in the case of Israel impact might be less because the positive impact that defense R&D has on growth - compensates crowding out effects overall military burden intensified by wars.
Effects of semi-presidentialism on party system institutionalization: does the shift to premier-presidentialism increase party system institutionalization?
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Pakatsoshvili, Julieta; Pettai, Vello, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Party system institutionalization has been extensively studied in the political science scholarship, however semi-presidentialism which saw the resurgence of interest among transitional countries, and as a result also in academia at the end of the 1990s, remains loosely treated in the relevant literature. Even the studies which include semipresidentialism as a regime type, tend to overlook the significant institutional differences within semi-presidentialism. The aim of the current paper is to contribute to the understanding of party systems institutionalization in semi-presidential countries by discriminating between two sub-types within the regime which create distinct institutional arrangements, systems of accountability, and incentives for the parties involved in this system. Underlying assumption behind this research is that the shift from president-parliamentary to the premier-presidential system produces increased institutionalization in party systems, based on the more individual-centric design of the first sub-type and the more partyoriented premier-presidential system in the second. By mapping out the differences within the semi-presidential regime the paper also tries to refine the existing measurement of the party system institutionalization, in order to better account for the systematic character of interactions between parties in this regime. In order to test the hypothesis five countries which underwent the shift from presidentparliamentarism to premier-presidneitalism are examined in this study. In terms of research design, the case selection employed here will permit a study of the effects of regime type on party system institutionalization, since all five cases had underdeveloped party systems at a time of constitutional amendment that brought semi-presidentialism. The results largely support the hypothesis, four of five cases showed increased levels of PSI after the shift to premier-presidentialism, while one case deviated. Based on the empirical results, conclusion is drawn that under-institutionalized party systems under president-parliamentarism, will improve their performance if they switch to the more parti-centric system.
Modern democratic federations in the digital age: the conditions and prerequisites of electronic government (de-)centralization
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Maksimova, Mariia; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis discusses the process of administrative (de-)centralization of electronic government in 11 democratic federations. The research is comparative in nature and process-tracing was used as a primary data analysis method in order to identify the factors that led to the centralization or decentralization of the three electronic government areas. The following factors were discussed in the study: economic resources, the quality of public services, the quality of electronic government and the political orientation of the majority party in the parliament. The work not only analyzes the prerequisites for the actions of the central government regarding the electronic government system aimed at redistributing intergovernmental power-relations but also categorizes these actions in the context of redistribution of administrative powers. Based on the results of the study, the factors of centralization or decentralization of each electronic government area are highlighted, and the main strategies are outlined. As the thesis argues, the desire of federal center to improve the quality of public services and quality of electronic government leads to the decentralization of electronic services area with the centralization of electronic administration, while increasing of economic resources leads to greater centralization of both electronic administration and electronic services.
Neoliberal policies and evolution of crony capitalism in Morocco and Tunisia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Apresyan, Ani; Pataccini Alvarez, Leonardo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The implication of neoliberal policies directed to lessen state interventionism and increase the role of markets making the economies more competitive and efficient. Neoliberal policies applied in Morocco and Tunisia during the 1980s and 1990s aimed to transform the state from the economy with strong state involvement and intervention into a liberalized market economy where market forces are free to make economic decisions. However, the applied neoliberal reforms have been used to favor the elites, family groups and clans. This study examines whether the neoliberal policies under non-democratic regimes might influence the evolution of crony capitalism. Specifically, the full package of neoliberal policies examined and detected the plausible mechanism that used by elites to develop crony capitalism. To be specific, the findings show that privatization used by cronies to consolidate the existing cronyistic network and transfer cronyism from interpersonal and cultural social phenomenon structural and systematic one: crony capitalism.
Does presidentialism breed dictatorship - the case of Turkey and the Erdogan regime
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Mehdizade, Saleh; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis inquires into presidentialism and its compatibility with democracy. Despite its poor record of achieving sustainable democracy, it is still considered a democratic form of government. Presidentialism is criticized in various ways. Problems arise due to its intrinsic institutional design or due to the political environment where presidentialism is applied. This thesis discusses presidentialism in both ways. Presidentialism and its intrinsic problems and the political environment, the case of Turkey where it is going to be applied. The aim of the thesis is to examine the presidential system and its possible effect on governmental system in Turkey. Whether Turkey will manage to protect its fragile democratic institutions or fall into dictatorship is the main question of this thesis. The thesis also includes the measurement of presidential power to give a comprehensive view on the nature of the presidential system in Turkey. The examination of the constitutional amendment and the Turkish party system reveals that the new system seems likely does not have the necessary institutional tools to provide sustainable democracy.
Forecasting the party support in Estonia: comparison of machine learning regression algorithms
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Kaasla, Kaarel; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Märtens, Kaspar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Forecasting political behavior using economic indicators is not a very new phenomenon with the earliest literature going back as far as the 1930s. In the present day, there exists a lot of research on the topic, but the majority of these studies have been conducted in the context of a very limited number of countries such as the United States or the Western European ones. By comparison, the research on forecasting the political behavior using economic voting in Estonia is almost non-existent. This thesis will be the first in-depth study conducted at that level and forecasts the party support of the Estonian Reform Party and the Estonian Center Party using economic indicators as the predictor variables. Based on the previous economic voting theory, it has been argued that the theoretically correct model to forecast using these variables is the linear regression due to the expected associations between the economic variables and party support. However, this thesis contests this claim and argues that when analyzing the phenomena of forecasting party support using economic indicators, certain modern machine learning algorithms could be considered as legitimate alternatives to the linear regression, as each of them addresses the different shortcomings of the model. For this reason, this thesis compares the methods of linear regression, regularized linear models, autoregressive integrated moving average, and the decision-tree models to see whether the more modern approaches are able to improve upon the default linear regression model.
The role of civil society organisations in ethnic conflict resolution in Georgia: challenges and opportunities
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Cherkezia, Nika; Ehin, Piret, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Ethnic conflicts in Georgia have almost 30-year-long history. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, two Georgian regions – Abkhazia and Samachablo (so called South Ossetia) claimed independence. These two regions were/are militarily and politically supported by Russia. International actors and organisation like UN, EU and OSCE have also participated in round table meetings between the parties. However all of negotiations at the official level have failed to resolve the conflicts. Instead, Georgia and Russia do not have diplomatic relations with each other and waged war in 2008. Hence, it is of huge significance to look into the opportunities and challenges for the civil society organisations in the process of conflict transformation. Therefore the aim of the thesis is to contribute to the existent literature about the challenges and opportunities faced by civil society organisations (CSOs) while working for ethnic conflict resolution in Georgia. The main focus was to analyse the role and the activities of the CSOs to discuss the problems that hinder them from conducting productive projects in the conflict regions. The research has shown that civil society organisations face common challenges, which have different solutions according to the characteristics of the problem. The thesis is a good basis for further research on the issue of the ethnic conflicts in Georgia.
Assessing the web-portal type of eGovernment structures and measuring their socio-economic impact on the French Metropolitan Park
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Chavanne, Kevin; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The use of eGovernment structures is becoming increasingly popular among public agencies due to the democratization of the Internet Communication Technologies (ICTs). Its application and impact at the public metropolitan level are however not widely studied, especially in France where the concept of the metropolis is relatively new. This research aims at assessing the degree of eGovernment development in the French Metropolitan Park, by developing an eGovernment Development Score (eGDS) focused on web-portal analysis while contributing to the comprehension of the relation between the quality of eGovernment structures and the economic development based upon a set of pre-selected economic indicators. The development of the eGDS illustrated disparities in term of eGovernment development between the metropolises studied, some group of cases performed better than others, indicating room for improvement. To better understand the impact of eGovernment on the economic indicators selected, a statistical analysis has been conducted. While the application of the statistical analysis pointed at several degrees of correlation and some causal relationships between the variables and eGDS, it weakly supports the claims of the existing literature, indicating that further investigations shall be conducted. The embryonic stage of the eGovernment structure of French metropolises, explains the mild causality between the development of the eGovernment structure and the economic variables selected. Preliminary relationships have however been observed between the eGDS and the youth unemployment rate, the dynamism for employment and the entrepreneurship satisfaction. This work provides a theoretical and empirical basis for future research willing to understand the evolution of the electronic government structure of the French Metropolitan Park.
Solidarity-based versus liberal Poland: Jaroslaw Kaczynski's discourse of thin-centered populism in the light of Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Wylegalski, Adam; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The relationship between electoral instability and programmatic configuration in contemporary party systems
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Panov, Volodymyr; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis aims to discuss how electoral volatility is related to party system programmatic configuration. Two types of electoral volatility are expected to explain why some party systems have a wide range of ideological options and distinctive programmatic offers, while other have tight ideological space and low level of programmatic diversity. This work constructs party system programmatic configuration through the concepts of party system polarization and aggregate nicheness. The degree of party system’s ideological dispersion and nicheness show how close parties located to each other, and how much their electoral platforms overlap. Both concepts capture similar phenomenon from the perspective of spatial and issue ownership theory. Relative differences in both dimensions matter when we talk about the possibility of cooperation or future coalition bargaining process. Additionally, work presents an examination of general polarization and aggregate nicheness tendencies in various party systems. The cross-nation study investigated mentioned associations in 48 party systems across the world. To test the association between two types of electoral volatility and party system programmatic composition, the study employed multiple regression analysis and conducted two separate tests. The first model was intended to investigate supposed to explore a possible relation between two types of electoral volatility and polarization. The second model tested the association between two electoral volatility variables and aggregate nicheness. It was expected that regeneration volatility is positively associated with dependent variables, whereas alternation volatility assumed to be negatively related to aggregate nicheness and polarization. Results of the analysis did not register any association between variables of interest, which means that regeneration volatility and alternation volatility do not explain variations in party system polarization or aggregate nicheness. An additional finding is that our analysis did not find any evidence in support of the previously assumed association between party system fragmentation and party polarization. Moreover, several socio-economic and system-related factors appeared to be better predictors of party system nicheness and polarization. Annual inflation was the only variable that was negatively associated with polarization and aggregate nicheness simultaneously. We also investigated the association between polarization and aggregate nicheness, and our results suggest that these two systematic characteristics appear to be related. Polarization and aggregate nicheness move in the same direction, which means that polarized party systems tend to have more diverse programmatic options.
Organic farming for food security in the EU: impact assessment of the Rural Development Program for Malta 2014-2020
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Guzel, Angelina; Muhhina, Kristina, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis discusses the role of organic farming in ensuring food security in the European Union on the case of Malta. The work demonstrates how the Rural Development Program for the Maltese islands 2014-2020 promotes organic farming and impacts four dimensions of food security: availability, access, utilization and stability. The research is a qualitative study, following the single-case study design. The coding frame was developed to approach the data. The analysis consisted of 14 interviews with the representatives of the industry (organic farmers), researchers in the field, representatives of NGOs, agricultural consultants and policymakers, as well as other related policy documents. The impact of the program was assessed according to the four dimensions of food security. The study contributes to the discussion of food security in developed countries by analyzing how different policy measures related to organic farming can contribute to the availability, access, utilization and stability dimensions, taken into consideration the regional difficulties and specificity. The thesis argues that organic farming can bring a substantial contribution to ensuring food security on the Maltese islands, however, the current policy measures are not enough for making a change. Although the policies aim at incentivizing organic farming in the country, the government does not support the sector. The work provides recommendations for the Maltese policymakers in the lights of submitting the next Rural Development Program 2021-2027 and the upcoming Common Agricultural Policy reform.

Sirvi

Sirvi Demokraatia ja valitsemise õppekava magistritööd – Master´s theses Kuupäev järgi