Sirvi Märksõna "filosoofia" järgi

Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 435

listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A classical degree-theoretic treatment of the sorites paradox : master's thesis in philosophy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Yau, Ching Hei; Yli-Vakkuri, Juhani, juhendaja; Frances, Bryan Reed Stewart, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Since 1970s, degree-of-truth theory has been proposed as a solution to the Sorites paradox. However, one perennial attack to degree-of-truth theory is that its logic - fuzzy logic - is non-classical. Inspired by Gödel (1933), I attempt to better degree-of-truth theory by classicalizing it. That is, I attempt to give an interpretation of fuzzy logic within classical logic enriched by degree operators {⚪, ◔, ◑, ◕, ⚫} - “it is of no/low/moderate/high/full degree that …”. Intuitively, degree-of-truth is classicalized as classical bivalent truth-value and a largely independent notion of degrees. A formal semantics of this enriched classical logic is presented, from which two semantic consequences are derived. The two semantic consequences are applied to analyse the (in)validity of the Sorites argument. There are two results: 1. the validity of the standard Sorites argument is reasserted, 2. a new argument for the invalidity of the degreed version of the Sorites argument is presented.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A comparative approach to tax exemption: differences between hospitals and religious institutions
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Wehbe, Wael; Volberg, Mats, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
I study the position of religious institutions in matters of exemptions from paying taxes, the position is that religious institutions must be exempted from paying taxes in much of the same manner to hospitals since they are sufficiently similar with regard to taxation and legal status. I consider what might be required for this “sufficient similarity” to merit this equal legal status and resulting equal treatment by the state. I provide some justification of the tax exemptions hospitals receive and relate them to the three requirements for sufficient similarity. I then present three arguments against the three conditions of sufficient similarity. Lastly, I consider some objections to the conditions of sufficient similarity and the paper as a whole, I then provide some replies to these objections as best I can.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A critical analysis of "born this way" and "not a choice" arguments for the acceptance of queer sexualities
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Kaling, Anna; Orsi, Francesco, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Building on the criticism of the good track record argument, I presented an alternative argument for the acceptance of queer sexualities based on the personal freedom to engage in consensual non-heterosexual behaviour, that is not susceptible to the status versus conduct distinction. While the behaviour-based argument I presented does not rely on both philosophically and scientifically contested concept of sexual orientation and thus has several advantages in regard to it (such as greater potential for generalizability), I did not question the usefulness of the distinction between sexual orientation and sexual identity in this thesis. I also did not consider the role of choice in determining sexual orientation. An interesting analysis of these issues could be provided, for example on the basis of William S. Wilkerson’s fusion theory (Ambiguity and Sexuality, 2007) and his argument regarding the role of interpretation in determining sexual orientation (Wilkinson, 2009).
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A moral ideal for international law: Vattel on state and territory
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Otsing, Henri; Piirimäe, Pärtel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
In historia juris gentium contentiones convenire inter principia nationis libertatis et prosperitatis gentium iam diu notissimarum quaestionum fuit. Haec tractatio contradictionem in Ius Gentium de Vattelio (MDCCLVIII) promptam investigat, et censet Vattelium duo principia per notionem civitatis moralem convenire. Haec tractatio utpote enim putat notionem civitatum qua “personarum moralium” – ex proportione nationum et individuorum seu aequalitate adduxit – enodere aliquas causas in Vatteliano. Causae sunt hae divisa in partes tres. Prima, imperium proprium – accusationes colonialismi efficiens – etiam qua elementum societatis moralis gentium intellegi possit. Alia, recusationem Vattelii civitatis maximae fortasse significationem libertatis moralis nationis interpretatum possit, non defensionem civitatum minimarum. Et tertia, territorium civitatis per se ex corpore populi adductum est, sed adfert nullum latiorem nationalismum.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A non-moral critique of the norm of assumed objectivity
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020-08) Närvänen, Emmi; Davies, Alex, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Sally Haslanger (2013) has described a particular norm of objectivity, the norm of Assumed Objectivity, that she considers as morally problematic. This norm, when correctly applied, permits one to form essentialising beliefs about women. According Haslanger, under the conditions of gender inequality, adopting hurts the interest of women while serving the interests of men. Rae Langton (1993), in contrast, has argued that a moral critique of the norm has its shortcomings: if a particular norm is bad for some and good for others, then the grounds for rejecting the norm are weak. Thus, Langton has provided a non-moral critique of the norm that pertains to the rationality of the norm. She argues that the norm should be rejected because it fails to yield knowledge. Evangelia Papadaki (2008) has pointed to an inconsistency in Langton’s argument thereby concluding that the norm evades Langton’s non-moral critique. In this thesis, I will set out to argue the norm is vulnerable to a non-moral critique. I will argue that the beliefs arrived at fail to constitute knowledge, which gives us a rational justification to reject the norm of Assumed Objectivity
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A philosophical approach to CETI: developing a conceptual framework based on Umwelt theory
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Pasha, Chingiz; Mölder, Bruno, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
This thesis critiques the assumptions underlying the argument of Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI) research, which presumes that extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) would possess human-like features and technologies, and that communication with ETI would rely on the information-transmission model. These premises are refuted by exposing their reliance on anthropocentric and vague definitions of "intelligence" and "communication." Afterward, a conceptual framework based on Umwelt theory is proposed to address these issues, emphasizing the diversity of subjective worlds (Umwelten) of organisms, the concept of "commonage" as shared aspects of these subjective worlds, and communication as the exchange of signs based on the commonage among organisms. Lastly, intelligence is redefined as a relational feature of shared Umwelten emerging from communication. The thesis argues for dividing CETI into two distinct research areas with a more explicit scope for each: the search for extraterrestrial organisms (SEO) and the discovery of terrestrial types of intelligence (DTI). Broader implications within philosophy, semiotics, and interdisciplinary research are also explored, emphasizing the necessity of avoiding the widespread anthropocentric approach in studying intelligence and communication.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A response to the practicality issue in the abolitionist animal rights framework
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Erik, Egle; Meriste, Heidy, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
In this thesis I have looked into the conflict between the abolitionist animal rights approach and the welfarist approach. The welfarists focus on animals’ right to not suffer, whilst the abolitionists recognize the animals’ right to life and that the root issue of animal suffering is their exploitation, predominantly in animal agriculture. The main way to implement abolitionist ideas into the real life is through veganism – the practice of abstaining from the use of animals in food as well as other areas of life. In the second chapter I looked into the criticism towards the abolitionist approach, according to which veganism as an ethical requirement is too demanding and unrealistic. I then explained how ethical requirements such as veganism sometimes have to be demanding yet can still have practical value by providing an ideal. In the third chapter I proposed a nonideal approach, according to which we ought to eat less meat as per secondary requirements. I also introduced a scalar approach to wrongness. This theoretical framework recognizes that some acts are more wrong than others, for example eating more meat is more wrong than eating less meat, yet we can maintain the ideal that eating meat still wrongs animals.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
A taxonomy of testimonial smothering
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Mohamed, Nada Abdalla Hassan Abdelazim; Barker, Simon Reginald, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Kristie Dotson formulates testimonial smothering as a form of testimonial oppression where a speaker truncates or removes the content of her testimony leaving the testimony empty from any content for which the hearers demonstrated testimonial incompetence. On Dotson’s account of smothering, the speaker empties her testimony from all content relevant to the domain of exchange. However, Dotson’s account does not include or cover instances where a speaker smothers her testimony, yet her smothered testimony contains some content relevant to the domain of exchange. In this thesis, I present a more detailed analysis of testimonial smothering to showcase different ways in which oppressed speakers interact in exchanges in which they are oppressed. I take Dotson’s notion of smothering to be one form of testimonial smothering, which I call smothering via emptying. I introduce two other types of smothering, smothering via altering and smothering via echoing, to encompass cases where a speaker’s smothered testimony is not empty from content relevant to the domain of exchange. Then I use the taxonomy of testimonial smothering to showcase ways in which oppressed speakers can contribute to conversations in which they are oppressed.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Abhandlungen über aktuelle Fragen aus der Psychologie, Mathematik und Religion. 3. Folge
(Tartu : Verlag von J. G. Krüger, 1935) Glasenapp, Gregor von
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Aesthetik
(Würzburg, 1804) Schelling, Friedrich
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Against epistemic partiality in friendship
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Ametefio, Saviour De-Graft; Davies, Alex Stewart, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
In conclusion, I have argued that epistemic partiality undermines friendship if we accept that friendship in a stricter sense is based on character. The argument I have present give two justification for that. The first is that when we allow an excellent friend to behave doxastically biased in favor of his friend consistently, this will promote more vices. Epistemic bias seems to be a bad epistemic practice. This is because knowingly leading away from the evidence and correct judgment of your friend's conduct is unjust. Cultivating such behavior in friendship will only corrupt the friendship. The second is that the fact that you esteem your friend’s character by deceptive means does not change the reality that the person has flaws in his character. When in our assessment of information about our friends, intentionally favor that which seek to portray him more favorably in a good light, we act deceptively. When we notice this shortcoming, we must correct it. The instrumental argument aims to encourage friends to help each other in their development as a person. Therefore, recognizing their flaws may be one of the ways to help them grow. In fact, in friendship relations that works well the idealization of your friend and the friendship itself helps in the longevity and flourishing of that relationship. However, if the bias becomes excessive and unwarranted, for example, if negative feedback is not considered at all or the positive attitudes towards your friend become unrealistically optimistic, then the bias may become dysfunctional.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Against the guise of the good
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Dua-Ansah, Bright; Orsi, Francesco, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
The Guise of the Good thesis explains the nature of intentional action as aimed at accomplishing something that appears good to the agent. According to the Guise of the Good theorist, without the belief that doing such and such leads to preferred results that the agent thinks are good, they would otherwise not act, or they will choose to act differently. This makes sense as an explanation of why people do what they do since we are unlikely to act upon attractions we see no good in �� if we are doing so out of our deliberation. The Guise of the Good thesis is distinct in that it distinguishes the practical actions of humans from mere impulses and automated responses. The evaluative content attached to practical actions under the Guise of the Good commits the thesis to being a necessary explanation of intentional action. In a way, the Guise of the Good thesis has become the standard account of action theory. I argue that it is not the case that whenever we act intentionally, we are acting under the Guise of the Good. The thesis cedes too much power to the agent in justifying the goodness of their action.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Against the thallasocracy: fascism and traditionalism in Alexander Dugin’s neo-Eurasianist philosophy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2015) Rushbrook, Jonathan; Blobaum, Robert, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
This thesis discusses the ideological makeup of the Russian right wing philosopher Alexander Dugin. Tracing Dugin’s ideological influences from early Eurasianism, the European New Right and esoteric religious beliefs such as Perennial Traditionalism, the thesis then goes on to place Dugin’s body of thought within a larger debate on defining fascism and whether Dugin can be considered a fascist. The thesis emphasizes that Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianist imperial project disqualifies him from any typical fascist taxonomy. Instead, Neo- Eurasianism represents a genuinely unique strain of extreme right wing thought that, though shares many similarities with historic fascism, nonetheless cannot be considered fascist due to Dugin’s profoundly anti-modern vision and the supranational emphasis of his imperial objectives in which Russia plays a major role - but a role that places the Russian nation in a greater cultural, geographical, and civilizational identity. Ultimately this thesis contests some scholars’ interpretations of Dugin’s worldview as a fundamentally ethnocentric or even racist Russian nationalism. Rather, this thesis argues that Dugin holds a fundamentally religious understanding of reality that sees nations as manifestations of a spiritual, rather than a biological, essence. Thus it precludes Dugin from any purely biological racism. à la National Socialism.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Aju-arvuti koosluse potentsiaalne mõju väärtussüsteemidele
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Raud, Joosep; Volberg, Mats, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Käesoleva töö eesmärk oli vaadelda Aju-arvuti koosluse potentsiaalset mõju väärtussüsteemidele. Antud eesmärgi täitmiseks sai kaardistatud küsimuseks vajalikud temaatilised aspektid. Kõigepealt sai kaardistatud aju-arvuti tehnoloogia olemus ning selle potentsiaal kommunikatsioonivõimekust efektiivsemaks muuta. Vaadeldud sai väärtussüsteeme, eesmärgiga kaardistada hulk parameetreid mille kaudu oleks võimalik tööle keskset küsimust mõtestada. Antud parameetritest kõige kesksemal positsioonil seoses töö põhiteemaga oli väärtussüsteemide dünaamika. Antud peatüki juures sai kaardistatud dünaamika ehk kommunikatsiooni olemus väärtussüsteemide ning inimeste vahel. Järgnevalt sai vaadeldud kuidas dünaamika osas välja toodud aspektid muutuvad, kui nende juures eeldada aju-arvuti kooslusest tulenevat kommunikatsioonieelist.
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Akraasiaprobleem kaasaegses analüütilises filosoofias: Donald Davidsoni argumentatsioon ja kriitika
(2004) Männiste, Indrek; Hallap, Tiiu, juhendaja
listelement.badge.access-status Embargo ,
"Al ha-te'uyot..." : ha-hartsaa le-zikhron shel Akhad ha-Am, 1933
(Jerusalem : At the University Press, 1933) Roth, Leon
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Alexandri Ab Alexandro Ivrisperiti Neapolitani Genialivm Diervm Libri Sex, Varia Ac Recondita Ervditione Referti : Accuratius qu`am antehac excusi, cum duplice indice
(Coloniae : ex officina Cervicorni, 1539) Alessandri, Alessandro
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Algteadmisi filosoofiast : populaarne õpik
(1966) Afanasjev, Viktor
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Algteadmisi filosoofiast : populaarne õpik
(1970) Afanasjev, Viktor
listelement.badge.access-status Avatud juurdepääs ,
Alienation and resignation: why don't we act against apocalyptic futures?
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Gavrilin, Andrey; Kattago, Siobhan, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakond
Humanity faces apocalyptic futures which are the product of the current socio-economic system. However, the present response is insufficient. This thesis analyzes what prevents people from effectively acting against future catastrophes. In order to do so, I use climate change as the main example and employ a Marxist critique of capitalism. I argue that the insufficiency of current responses to catastrophic futures can be explained by Marx’s notion of alienation which is inherent to the current mode of production. In first three chapters I demonstrate different consequences of estranged labor. First, it makes people alienated not only from the fruits of their labor, but also from other people, thus preventing collective actions. Secondly, it disconnects individuals from the world which they collectively produce. Thirdly, it alienates individuals from a collectively produced future, affecting their perception of temporality and making them see the future as inevitable but eternally postponed. Thus, they become discouraged to act against the catastrophes which they collectively cause. In the fourth chapter I propose two philosophical solutions to this deadlock – Stoicism, which enables individual activity, and existentialism, which motivates people to act even if their struggle is absurd.