Selected anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters as predictors of swimming performance in young swimmers
Date
2011-07-21
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Abstract
Ujumises alustatakse tavaliselt raskete treeningutega enne puberteediea saabumist ja kõrge rahvusvaheline tase saavutatakse suhteliselt noores eas. Võistlusujumises on peamine eesmärki läbida võistlusdistants võimalikult kiiresti, kulutades selleks võimalikult vähe energiat. Seega on oluline hinnata ujujate ökonoomsust, mis on seotud erinevate antropomeetriliste, füsioloogiliste ja biomehaanilste näitajatega. Nende näitajate mõju täiskasvanud ujujate ujumistulemusele on uuritud suhteliselt palju. Kuid pikaajalisi uuringud kehaliste parameetrite, füsioloogiliste näitajate ja ujumise tehnika vahel on noortel ujujatel tehtud vähe.
Võistlusspordis on oluline mõõta erinevaid sportlikke tulemusi mõjutavaid parameetreid võimalikult võistluslähedases situatsioonis. Seega on ujumise aegset hapnikutarbimist oluline mõõta just ujumise ajal (mitte näiteks veloergomeetril), arvestades seejuures erinavate tehnika- ja füsioloogiliste mõjutustega, mis annavad mõõdetavatele parameetritele suurema usaldusväärsuse. Antud, töö eesmärgiks oli uurida, millised parameetrid mõjutavad kõige enam noorujujate ujumistulemust kahe aastase uuringu perioodi jooksul. Tulemused näitasid, et kõige enam mõjutavad noorujujate ujumistulemust tehnika parameetrid, järgnesid antropomeetrilised ja füsioloogilised parameetrid. Seega oleks kõige olulisem noorte ujujate treenimisel pöörata esmast tähelepanu õige ujumistehnika õpetamisele ning kinnistamisele. Samuti tuleks pöörata tähelepanu noorujujate valikule, st. suuremat edu saavutavad need, kes on pikemad ja pikema kätesiruulatusega. Vähem mõjutavad ujumistulemust maksimaalne hapnikutarbimime või ujumise aegne energiakulu.
Swimmers usually start serious training before the onset of puberty and achieve international competitive level at a relatively early age. Competitive swimming is a cyclic sport activity performed with the aim of covering the given distance as fast as possible to maximize metabolic power of the athlete and the economy of locomotion. Hence it is important to assess the individual economy of swimming and to understand the factors that determine swimming performance. Several investigations have studied different parameters and swimming performance of successful swimmers, but to our knowledge no studies have been conducted to study longitudinally the effect of different anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters on swimming performance in complex in young swimmers. In competitive sports it is important to assess different parameters in sport-specific conditions. Hence, it is important to measure maximal oxygen consumption during swimming (not, for example on cycle-ergometer), this enables the swimmer to perform swimming without restrictions and does not intervene with the swimming technique of the athlete. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of specific physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters on the development of swimming performance in young swimmers. The results of our study showed that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 400-m front-crawl swimming performance, followed by anthropometrical and physiological parameters. These results demonstrate that great emphasis should be on learning the correct swimming technique during the early years of training and the correct swimming technique learned during early years of swimming training is the basis for further development of sport-specific physiological measures during later years of swimming training. It is also important to pay attention to the selection process of young swimmers, but the influence of physiological parameters is not so noticeable.
Swimmers usually start serious training before the onset of puberty and achieve international competitive level at a relatively early age. Competitive swimming is a cyclic sport activity performed with the aim of covering the given distance as fast as possible to maximize metabolic power of the athlete and the economy of locomotion. Hence it is important to assess the individual economy of swimming and to understand the factors that determine swimming performance. Several investigations have studied different parameters and swimming performance of successful swimmers, but to our knowledge no studies have been conducted to study longitudinally the effect of different anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters on swimming performance in complex in young swimmers. In competitive sports it is important to assess different parameters in sport-specific conditions. Hence, it is important to measure maximal oxygen consumption during swimming (not, for example on cycle-ergometer), this enables the swimmer to perform swimming without restrictions and does not intervene with the swimming technique of the athlete. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of specific physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters on the development of swimming performance in young swimmers. The results of our study showed that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 400-m front-crawl swimming performance, followed by anthropometrical and physiological parameters. These results demonstrate that great emphasis should be on learning the correct swimming technique during the early years of training and the correct swimming technique learned during early years of swimming training is the basis for further development of sport-specific physiological measures during later years of swimming training. It is also important to pay attention to the selection process of young swimmers, but the influence of physiological parameters is not so noticeable.
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Keywords
ujujad, tehniline ettevalmistus, antropomeetria, noorsportlased, swimmers, technical preparation, antropometry, young athletes