Dependence of UV radiation on climate factors. Reconstruction of UV doses in Estonia for past years
Date
2017-01-12
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Abstract
Looduslik ultraviolettkiirgus (UV-kiirgus) on päikesekiirguse osa, millest maapinnani jõuab UVB (280–315 nm) ning UVA (315–400 nm) kiirgus. Suure energia tõttu avaldab UV-kiirgus mõju elusorganismidele, materjalidele ning atmosfääri keemiale. Enim pakub ühiskonnale huvi UV-kiirguse mõju inimestele – ohustatud on nii nahk, silmad kui immuunsüsteem, samal ajal osaleb UV-kiirgus D vitamiini sünteesis. UV-kiirguse võimaliku toime hindamiseks on vajalik teada maapinnani jõudva kiirguse spektraalset koostist (lühema lainepikkusega kiirgus on üldiselt ohtlikum), saadud energiat ning kuidas neid mõjustavad keskkonnatingimused.
Väitekirja peamiseks eesmärgiks on uurida maapinnani jõudva UV-kiirguse ajalist muutlikust Eestis ning millises ulatuses mõjutavad seda pilved, osoon ning aerosoolid. Andmestik põhineb Tartu Observatooriumis alates 2004. aastast registreeritud UV-kiirguse spektritel ning Tõravere ilmajaama vaatlusandmetel.
Suvel selge ilma korral võivad Tõraveres UVA päevadoosid ületada 1500 kJ/m2 ning UVB omad 30 kJ/m2. Selliste suurte päevaste dooside korral ulatub UV indeks keskpäeval üle 7, esmaseid päikesekaitsevahendeid peab kasutama juba UV indeksi 3 korral. UVA ja UVB suhe spektris sõltub eelkõige päikese kõrgusest ning osooni hulgast, muutudes suvise päeva jooksul üle 10 korra. Paksud pilved peavad kinni aga vaid kuni 2/3 UV-kiirgusest.
Lisaks mõõdetud andmete uurimisele koostati töö käigus ka mudelid UV-kiirguse päevaste dooside arvutamiseks. Mudeleid rakendati UV-kiirguse rekonstrueerimiseks perioodil 1955–2003. Mudelid on jätkuvalt kasutusel ka instrumendi riketest põhjustatud mõõtepauside täitmiseks. Päevadooside katkematu aegrida on loodud ajavahemikule 1955–2015. Minimaalsed UV-doosid olid Tõraveres 1970ndate lõpus ja 1980ndate alguses. Hiljem UV-kiirguse hulk tõusis ja saavutas maksimumi 2011. aasta. Viimasel ajal on aastased doosid olnud taas languses.
Väitekirja valmimist toetas oluliselt EU teadusprojekt „Eesti kiirguskliima“.
Natural ultraviolet (UV) radiation, reaching the ground, is a part of solar radiation and is divided to UVB (280–315 nm) and UVA (315–400 nm) ranges. Due to high energy UV radiation can influence living organisms, materials as well as atmospheric photochemistry. The public is most interested in the influence of UV radiation on humans, including damage of skin, eyes and immune system. At the same time UV radiation participates in vitamin D synthesis. To evaluate the possible risk of damage or benefit it is important to know the spectral composition (shorter wavelengths are generally more dangerous), received energy and how they are influenced by environmental conditions. The main objective of this work was to investigate the variability of UV radiation reaching the ground in Tõravere, Estonia and how it is influenced by clouds, ozone and aerosols. The dataset is based on measurements conducted at Tartu Observatory since 2004 and on data from Tõravere meteorological station. It was found that in summer in clear conditions the daily dose of UVA can reach over 1500 kJ/m2 and of UVB over 30 kJ/m2. In these high radiation conditions UV index can be over 7. First sun protection is needed in case of UV index 3. The ratio of UVA and UVB can change more than 10 times during a day in summer. Heavy cloudiness decreases irradiance only by 2/3 during the summer. In addition to data analysis models for calculating daily doses were created and reconstruction of UVB and UVA radiation for period 1955–2003 was made. These models are continuously used for filling measurement gaps. Continuous dataset of daily doses from 1955–2015 is now available. Minimum yearly doses in Tõravere were at the end of the 1970s and at the beginning of the 1980s. Since then the yearly doses increased and maximum level was met in 2011. Recently UV doses have decreased. The thesis was supported by EU scientific project "Estonian radiation climate".
Natural ultraviolet (UV) radiation, reaching the ground, is a part of solar radiation and is divided to UVB (280–315 nm) and UVA (315–400 nm) ranges. Due to high energy UV radiation can influence living organisms, materials as well as atmospheric photochemistry. The public is most interested in the influence of UV radiation on humans, including damage of skin, eyes and immune system. At the same time UV radiation participates in vitamin D synthesis. To evaluate the possible risk of damage or benefit it is important to know the spectral composition (shorter wavelengths are generally more dangerous), received energy and how they are influenced by environmental conditions. The main objective of this work was to investigate the variability of UV radiation reaching the ground in Tõravere, Estonia and how it is influenced by clouds, ozone and aerosols. The dataset is based on measurements conducted at Tartu Observatory since 2004 and on data from Tõravere meteorological station. It was found that in summer in clear conditions the daily dose of UVA can reach over 1500 kJ/m2 and of UVB over 30 kJ/m2. In these high radiation conditions UV index can be over 7. First sun protection is needed in case of UV index 3. The ratio of UVA and UVB can change more than 10 times during a day in summer. Heavy cloudiness decreases irradiance only by 2/3 during the summer. In addition to data analysis models for calculating daily doses were created and reconstruction of UVB and UVA radiation for period 1955–2003 was made. These models are continuously used for filling measurement gaps. Continuous dataset of daily doses from 1955–2015 is now available. Minimum yearly doses in Tõravere were at the end of the 1970s and at the beginning of the 1980s. Since then the yearly doses increased and maximum level was met in 2011. Recently UV doses have decreased. The thesis was supported by EU scientific project "Estonian radiation climate".
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
ultraviolettkiirgus, kliimatekketegurid, geofüüsika, Eesti, ultraviolet radiation, climatic factors, geophysics, Estonia