Habitat use and trophic interactions of native and invasive predatory macroinvertebrates in the northern Baltic Sea
Kuupäev
2017-12-20
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Röövtoidulised suurselgrootud, peamiselt vähilaadsed, on rannikumere toitumisvõrgustikes oluliseks lüliks põhjaelustiku ja kalade vahel ning ühtlasi nad reguleerivad väiksemate selgrootute arvukust. Läänemere põhjaosas elas selle rühma esindajaid seni ainult kaks liiki – läänemere krevett (Palaemon adspersus) ja põhjamere garneel (Crangon crangon). Hiljuti lisandusid neile kohalikele liikidele kaks võõrliiki – elegantne krevett (Palaemon elegans) ja rändkrabi (Rhithropanopeus harrisii). Kohalike ja võõrliikidest röövtoiduliste suurselgrootute leviku, elupaigaeelistuste ja toitumise uurimiseks kasutati olemasolevaid põhjaelustiku leviku andmeid, spetsiaalselt uuritavatele liikidele suunatud proovide kogumist loodusest ja laborikatseid, kus rakendati muuhulgas loomade raadiomärgistamist. Võõrliigist kreveti levik oli ulatuslikum kui kohalike krevettide levik. Võõrliik oli kohalike krevettidega võrreldes enam seotud elupaikadega, millele on iseloomulikud etrofeerumise tunnused (kõrge toitainete kontsentratsioon, lühiealiste niitjate vetikate suur hulk). Krevettide toitumisuuringud näitasid, et uuritud Palaemon liikide toitumisintensiivsus ja toidu kooseis ei erinenud. Seega on kohaliku ja võõrkreveti roll rannikumere toiduvõrkudes sarnane, ent võõrliik võib troofilisi suhteid ümber kujundada piirkondades, kus kohalikud krevetid puuduvad. Kõige kitsama elupaigakasutusega oli põhjamere garneel ja Palaemon liikidest oli võõrliigi P. elegans spetsialiseerumise tase mõnevõrra kõrgem kui kohalikul liigil. R. harrisii eelistas põisadruga (Fucus vesiculosus) elupaika mis viitab sellele, et põisadruga elupaik pakub krabile aastaringset stabiilset elupaika ja et mitmekesine põhjakooslus võib saada seetõttu krabidest oluliselt mõjutatud. Doktoritöö tulemused näitasid, et elupaikade iseloom ja seisund mõjutab kohalike ja võõrliikide levikumustreid ning võõrliikidest selgrootute kiskjate saabumine ja kiire levila laienemine Läänemere põhjaosas toovad kaasa täiesti uue ökoloogilise funktsiooni (suuremõõtmeline kiskja) või juba varem regionaalselt esinenud funktsiooni leviku piirkondadesse, kus see varem puudus.
Decapod crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimps play an important role in coastal ecosystems as they prey on small benthic invertebrates and at the same time they are an important food item for fishes. Until recently, this group of macroinvertebrates consisted of only a few species in the northern Baltic Sea, including only two species of native shrimps – Crangon crangon and Palaemon adspersus. However, very recently two non-native crustacean predators arrived – the shrimp Palaemon elegans and the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Data from available databases were used together with field sampling and laboratory experiments (incl. radio frequency positioning technology) to describe the geographical distribution, habitat selection, and feeding of native and invasive predatory crustaceans in the coastal areas of the northern Baltic Sea. The distribution of the non-native P. elegans was wider than that of native species. P. elegans was associated with lower salinity, higher concentrations of nutrients and higher proportions of ephemeral filamentous algae, relative to P. adspersus. According to results of the experiment on feeding activity, P. elegans performs a similar role in the coastal food web as the native congener, although it may rearrange trophic interactions and introduce new ecological function in the most eutrophicated areas previously lacking any native shrimp. Among the studied shrimps, C. crangon had the highest habitat specialization. The non-native P. elegans showed slightly higher habitat specialization compared to the native P. adspersus. The invasive crab R. harrisii preferred habitats with bladder wrack where the diverse native community may become heavily impacted by this novel large-bodied predator. This thesis showed that the successful establishment of non-native predatory invertebrates can introduce new ecological functions (large-bodied predators) or considerably strengthen already existed ones, while the heterogeneity of habitats has varying effects on the distribution patterns of native and invasive species.
Decapod crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimps play an important role in coastal ecosystems as they prey on small benthic invertebrates and at the same time they are an important food item for fishes. Until recently, this group of macroinvertebrates consisted of only a few species in the northern Baltic Sea, including only two species of native shrimps – Crangon crangon and Palaemon adspersus. However, very recently two non-native crustacean predators arrived – the shrimp Palaemon elegans and the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Data from available databases were used together with field sampling and laboratory experiments (incl. radio frequency positioning technology) to describe the geographical distribution, habitat selection, and feeding of native and invasive predatory crustaceans in the coastal areas of the northern Baltic Sea. The distribution of the non-native P. elegans was wider than that of native species. P. elegans was associated with lower salinity, higher concentrations of nutrients and higher proportions of ephemeral filamentous algae, relative to P. adspersus. According to results of the experiment on feeding activity, P. elegans performs a similar role in the coastal food web as the native congener, although it may rearrange trophic interactions and introduce new ecological function in the most eutrophicated areas previously lacking any native shrimp. Among the studied shrimps, C. crangon had the highest habitat specialization. The non-native P. elegans showed slightly higher habitat specialization compared to the native P. adspersus. The invasive crab R. harrisii preferred habitats with bladder wrack where the diverse native community may become heavily impacted by this novel large-bodied predator. This thesis showed that the successful establishment of non-native predatory invertebrates can introduce new ecological functions (large-bodied predators) or considerably strengthen already existed ones, while the heterogeneity of habitats has varying effects on the distribution patterns of native and invasive species.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
suurselgrootud, röövloomad, võõrliigid, elupaigad, troofilised suhted, Läänemeri, predatory animals, alien species, habitats, trophic relationships, Baltic Sea