Charting artistic evolution: an essay in theory
Date
2018-10-15
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Abstract
Tundub, et tänapäeva humanitaariteadusi huvitab vähe vastata küsimustele, mis algavad sõnaga miks. Miks olid maalid enne 1900. aastat peamiselt mimeetilised, kuid pärast 1900. aastat pigem abstraktsed? Miks saavutas vene romaan oma kõrgpunkti 19. sajandi teisel poolel, mitte varem ega hiljem? Miks on kaasaegses lüürilises luules ülekaalus vabavärss? Me õigupoolest ei tea. Tõenäoliselt ei ole neile küsimustele vastamine võimatu, kuid nendega tegelemiseks pole suuri pingutusi tehtud. Humanitaarteadustes on selle asemel kaldutud esitama lähedasi küsimusi, mis algavad sõnadega millal, kuidas või kes. Nii et miks miksi ei hinnata? Leian, et selle huvipuuduse juured on palju laiemas fundamentaalses probleemis: meil ei ole veel kunstiteooriat, mis võimaldaks meil vastata miks-küsimustele (või isegi neid esitada) – puudub diakrooniline kunstiteooria.
„Kunstilise evolutsiooni kaardistamine: essee teooriast“ pakub välja just nimelt sellise katselise projekti. Töös väidetakse, et oleks kasulik, kui humanitaarteadustes viljeldava ideograafilise lähenemisega kaasneks teistsugune, täppisteadustes tavaline nomoteetiline lähenemine. Peaksime otsima mitte üksnes konkreetset – raamatut, autorit, stiilivõtet – vaid ka üldist: laiemaid ajaloolisi suundumusi, makromustreid, tektoonilisi nihkeid kunstiväljal. Uus distsipliin digihumanitaaria liigub selles suunas; selle abil tuvastatakse andmetes avaramaid mustreid ja suundumusi. Ent seda kasvavat informatsioonihulka, mis on kogutud keerukate meetodite abil, mis ulatuvad sentimendianalüüsist teema modelleerimiseni, on vaja ka seletada. Kuidas saame diakroonilisi muutusi mõtestada?
Olen väitekirjas rakendanud kultuurievolutsiooni teooriat, et mõista kunsti ajalugu. Kunstivormid – võtted, süžeevalemid, žanrid – leiutatakse (kas suvalise juhuslikkuse või sihipärase brikolaaži kaudu); nad koguvad ja kaotavad populaarsust olenevalt sellest, kui edukalt nad meie ajus vajutavad „emotsioonide klaviatuuri“ klahvidele; edukaid kunstivorme reprodutseerivad hilisemad kirjanike või filmirežissööride põlvkonnad, kes hoiavad neid „elus“ aastakümneid või isegi sajandeid. Tutvustan kunstilise evolutsiooni neid ja mitmeid teisi üldpõhimõtteid ning kasutan neid, selgitamaks mitmesuguseid näiteid kunstiajaloost. Miks kasvasid Hollywoodi filmimeeskonnad aja jooksul suuremaks? Miks muutus detektiivifilmide ajaline struktuur keerukamaks? Miks on kirjandusväli nii ebavõrdne: käputäis kuulsaid kirjanike ning unustusse vajunud enamus? Miks ergutavad mõned sotsiaalsed keskkonnad kunstiloomet? Näitan, et kõiki neid miks-küsimusi on võimalik seletada sobivate meetodite – kvantitatiivsete eksperimentide – ning sobiva teooria – kultuurievolutsiooni – abil.
Contemporary humanities do not seem to be interested in answering questions that begin with why. Why, before 1900, paintings were mostly mimetic, but, after 1900, mostly abstract? Why did the Russian novel reach its height in the second half of the nineteenth century – not earlier or later? Why does vers libre prevail in contemporary lyrical poetry? We hardly know. Probably these ques-tions are not impossible to answer, but there has been little effort made to address them. Humanities have tended to ask adjacent questions instead, those beginning with when, how, or who. So why is why underappreciated? I think that this lack of interest is rooted in a much larger, fundamental problem: we do not yet have a theory of art that would let us answer (or even pose) the why questions – a diachronic theory of art. Charting Artistic Evolution: An Essay in Theory presents a project of precisely that. It argues that the ideographic approach practiced in the humanities would benefit from accompaniment by a different, nomothetic approach, common in the sciences. We should look not only for the particular – a book, an author, a stylistic device – but also for the general: large historical trends, macro-patterns, tectonic shifts in the artistic field. The new discipline of digital humanities moves in this direction; it detects broad patterns and trends in the data. However, this growing stack of information, collected through sophisticated methods – from sentiment analysis to topic modeling – needs to be explained. How can we make sense of the diachronic changes? In my dissertation, I have employed the cultural evolution theory to understand artistic history. Art forms – devices, plot formulas, genres – get invented (through a random serendipity or intentional bricolage); they gain or lose their popularity depending on how successfully they press the buttons of the “emotion keyboard” in our brains; successful art forms are reproduced by the subsequent generations of writers or film directors who keep them “alive” for decades, or even centuries. I present these and many other general principles of artistic evolution and use them to explain various cases in art history. Why did Hollywood film crews become larger over time? Why do mystery movies obtain more complex temporal structure? Why is the literary field so unequal: a handful of famous authors and a majority of forgotten ones? Why do certain social environments boost artistic creativity? I demonstrate that all these why questions can be answered with suitable methods: quantitative and qualitative – and a suitable theory: cultural evolution.
Contemporary humanities do not seem to be interested in answering questions that begin with why. Why, before 1900, paintings were mostly mimetic, but, after 1900, mostly abstract? Why did the Russian novel reach its height in the second half of the nineteenth century – not earlier or later? Why does vers libre prevail in contemporary lyrical poetry? We hardly know. Probably these ques-tions are not impossible to answer, but there has been little effort made to address them. Humanities have tended to ask adjacent questions instead, those beginning with when, how, or who. So why is why underappreciated? I think that this lack of interest is rooted in a much larger, fundamental problem: we do not yet have a theory of art that would let us answer (or even pose) the why questions – a diachronic theory of art. Charting Artistic Evolution: An Essay in Theory presents a project of precisely that. It argues that the ideographic approach practiced in the humanities would benefit from accompaniment by a different, nomothetic approach, common in the sciences. We should look not only for the particular – a book, an author, a stylistic device – but also for the general: large historical trends, macro-patterns, tectonic shifts in the artistic field. The new discipline of digital humanities moves in this direction; it detects broad patterns and trends in the data. However, this growing stack of information, collected through sophisticated methods – from sentiment analysis to topic modeling – needs to be explained. How can we make sense of the diachronic changes? In my dissertation, I have employed the cultural evolution theory to understand artistic history. Art forms – devices, plot formulas, genres – get invented (through a random serendipity or intentional bricolage); they gain or lose their popularity depending on how successfully they press the buttons of the “emotion keyboard” in our brains; successful art forms are reproduced by the subsequent generations of writers or film directors who keep them “alive” for decades, or even centuries. I present these and many other general principles of artistic evolution and use them to explain various cases in art history. Why did Hollywood film crews become larger over time? Why do mystery movies obtain more complex temporal structure? Why is the literary field so unequal: a handful of famous authors and a majority of forgotten ones? Why do certain social environments boost artistic creativity? I demonstrate that all these why questions can be answered with suitable methods: quantitative and qualitative – and a suitable theory: cultural evolution.
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Keywords
art, history of art, history of literature, history of cinema, cultural theory, evolution of culture, scientific theories, evolution of culture, quantitative research methods, cultural semiotics