New Guinea, a hotspot for Human evolution: settlement history and adaptation in northern Sahul
Date
2023-07-11
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Abstract
Uus-Guinea on üks anatoomiliselt moodsa inimese poolt kõige kauem järjestikku asustatud paiku väljaspool Aafrikat. Endiselt on saladuskatte all inimeste täpne teekond Uus-Guineasse. Üks viis võimalike stsenaariumite uurimiseks on luua erinevate hüpoteeside jaoks mudelid ja arvutada nende tõenäosus lähtuvalt tänapäeva uusguinealaste genoomiandmetest. Jõudnud kohale, pidid esmaasukad silmitsi seisma väga erinevate maastikega, sealhulgas Okeaania kõrgeimad tipud. Vaatamata kõrgel elamisega kaasnevatele väljakutsetele, näiteks hapniku vähesem kättesaadavus, on mäestikualad tänaseks kõige tihedamini asustatud piirkonnad Uus-Guineas. Ka sealsetes madalamates piirkondades on mitmeid takistusi ellujäämisele, näiteks suur hulk erinevaid patogeene. Kui populatsioon on keerulistes keskkonnaoludes tuhandeid aastaid järjest, võivad mõned antud keskkonnatingimustes ellujäämist soodustavad omadused hakata populatsioonis levima. Seda protsessi nimetatakse positiivseks looduslikuks valikuks, mis aja jooksul jätab kohalike indiviidide genoomidesse kindla jälje, mida saab erinevate testidega tuvastada. Käesolevas töös esitame Paapua Uus-Guinea esmaasukate võimalikud teekonnad enne ala täielikku asustamist ning näitame kuidas keskkonnast tingitud stress on läbi loodusliku valiku mõjutanud paapuauusguinealaste genoome. Iseloomustasime Paapua Uus-Guinea inimeste geneetilist ja fenotüüpilist mitmekesisust, analüüsides varem avaldamata täisgenoome ja selle töö jaoks mõõdetud uusi fenotüübiandmeid. Meie esimene uuring kirjeldab ülegenoomsete andmete analüüsil saadud esimesi Uus-Guinea asustamise mudeleid. Teises uuringus tuvastame genoomsed piirkonnad, mis sattusid valiku alla tulenevalt uutest keskkonnatingimustest peale Uus-Guinea asustamist. Kolmas uuring kirjeldab Paapua Uus-Guinea mäestiku- ja tasandikuelanike fenotüüpilisi erinevusi. Viimaks meie neljas uuring tuvastab mäestiku- ja tasandikuelanike genoomsed piirkonnad, mis on iseloomulikult loodusliku valiku all just neis rahvagruppides.
New Guinea is home to the longest continuous settlement by anatomically modern humans outside of Africa. The exact path taken by the first settlers migrating to New Guinea is still shrouded in mystery. One way to explore the possible scenarios of settlement is to build models for different hypotheses and to compute the likelihood of each model depending on the genomes of the current New Guinean population. Upon arrival, the first settlers faced diverse landscapes, including the highest summits in Oceania. Despite the challenge of life at high altitude, including the lower availability of oxygen, the highlands are the most densely populated region of New Guinea. New Guinean lowlands also present numerous obstacles to survival, including diverse pathogens. When a population encounters challenging environments for thousands of years, some individuals might develop traits that enhance their survival. This process, called positive natural selection, leads to specific signatures in the genomes of populations that can be identified with different tests. This dissertation presents the potential routes taken by Papua New Guinean ancestors before settling in Papua New Guinea and how environmental selection pressures have shaped Papua New Guinean genomes. This thesis explores the genetic and phenotypic diversity of Papua New Guinean populations through newly sequenced whole genomes and phenotypic measurements from Papua New Guinean individuals. The first study describes the first models for Northern Sahul settlement based on genomic data. The second study identifies the genomic regions under selection in Papua New Guineans following the initial settlement of New Guinea and the exposure to a new environment. The third study defines phenotypic differences between Papua New Guinean highlanders and lowlanders. Finally, our fourth study identifies genomic regions specifically under selection in Papua New Guinean highlanders and lowlanders.
New Guinea is home to the longest continuous settlement by anatomically modern humans outside of Africa. The exact path taken by the first settlers migrating to New Guinea is still shrouded in mystery. One way to explore the possible scenarios of settlement is to build models for different hypotheses and to compute the likelihood of each model depending on the genomes of the current New Guinean population. Upon arrival, the first settlers faced diverse landscapes, including the highest summits in Oceania. Despite the challenge of life at high altitude, including the lower availability of oxygen, the highlands are the most densely populated region of New Guinea. New Guinean lowlands also present numerous obstacles to survival, including diverse pathogens. When a population encounters challenging environments for thousands of years, some individuals might develop traits that enhance their survival. This process, called positive natural selection, leads to specific signatures in the genomes of populations that can be identified with different tests. This dissertation presents the potential routes taken by Papua New Guinean ancestors before settling in Papua New Guinea and how environmental selection pressures have shaped Papua New Guinean genomes. This thesis explores the genetic and phenotypic diversity of Papua New Guinean populations through newly sequenced whole genomes and phenotypic measurements from Papua New Guinean individuals. The first study describes the first models for Northern Sahul settlement based on genomic data. The second study identifies the genomic regions under selection in Papua New Guineans following the initial settlement of New Guinea and the exposure to a new environment. The third study defines phenotypic differences between Papua New Guinean highlanders and lowlanders. Finally, our fourth study identifies genomic regions specifically under selection in Papua New Guinean highlanders and lowlanders.
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Keywords
human evolution, population genetics, genomes, phenotype, colonization history, New Guinea (island)