The role of modern dance in shaping artistic and gender discourses in Estonia in the 1920s
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Doktoritöös uurin, kuidas jõudis moderntants Eestisse ja millist mõju avaldas see valitsevale soolisele ja kunstilisele diskursusele. Moderntants on lavatantsu žanr, mis sündis 20. sajandi alguses ja jõudis Eestisse sajandi teisel kümnendil. Erinevalt balletist olid moderntantsu juhtfiguurideks naised. Uus kunstivorm andis neile tööd ja sellega võimaluse elada iseseisvat elu. Lisaks sellele said naised võimaluse teostada end nüüd ka koreograafina, s.t tantsude loojana. Kõrvale heideti kõik, mis oli balletiga seotud, lavale jõudsid uued lood uutmoodi naistegelastega, kes väljendasid end „vabalt“ liikudes. Moderntantsu sünniga lõppes balleti ülimus lavatantsus.
Kasutan mõistet „moderntants“ katusmõistena. Moderntantsu sees on võimalik eristada erinevaid suundumusi, mis erinesid liikumiskeele ja tehnika poolest. Vaatlusaluse perioodi olulisimateks suundumusteks olid plastiline tants ja väljendustants (saksa keeles Ausdruckstanz).
Uurimistöö hõlmab ajaperioodi 1910. aastate keskpaigast kuni 1930. aastate lõpuni, erilise tähelepanu all on 1920. aastad, mil moderntants saavutas suure populaarsuse ja kujunes kõrgelt hinnatud kunstivormiks. Väitekiri keskendub kahele vähe uuritud tantsijale ja koreograafile, Elmerice Partsile (1878–1974) ja Gerd Neggole (1891–1974). Mõlemad olid 1920. aastatel tegevad peamiselt soolotantsijatena. Mainimata ei saa jätta Herman Kolti nime, kellega Parts 1926. ja 1927. aastal esines.
Doktoritöö koosneb katuspeatükist ja neljast artiklist. Artiklites analüüsin erinevatele mõistetele ja teooriatele tuginedes moderntantsuga seotud diskursuseid: Edward Saidi rändavate teooriate mõiste ja Dongchao Mini edasiarenduse abil vaatlen, mis juhtub tantsuspetsiifilise teadmisega, kui need satuvad uude kultuurilisse konteksti. Transgressiivsuse mõiste abil uurin saja aasa eest valitsenud kunstidiskursust ja analüüsin, kust jooksis piir kunsti ja mitte-kunsti vahel. Jacques Rancière’i kunstide režiimi mõiste aitab kõige paremini välja tuua moderntantsu transformatiivse potentsiaali. Judith Butleri soo performatiivsuse mõistele tuginedes vaatlen, kuidas Parts ja Neggo kujundasid omaaegset soodiskursust.
In my doctoral thesis, I explore the arrival of modern dance in Estonia and its impact on gender and artistic discourse. Modern dance, a theatre dance genre, first appeared in Estonia in the second decade of the 20th century. Unlike ballet, which was dominated by male choreographers, the leading figures, modern dance was led predominantly by women. This new art form not only created employment opportunities for women, but also offered them the opportunity to live independently and to step into the role of choreographers. As ballet’s conventions were set aside, new stories emerged, featuring female characters who expressed themselves through “free” movement. The rise of modern dance thus marked the end of ballet’s dominance on theatre dance. I use the term “modern dance” as an umbrella term, encompassing a variety of dance trends distinguished by movement language and technique. The most significant during the period I examine were plastic dance and Ausdruckstanz (in English, dance of expression). The research spans from the mid-1910s to the late 1930s, with particular emphasis on the 1920s, when modern dance gained widespread popularity and increasing recognition as a serious art form in Estonia. This dissertation focuses on two little-studied dancers and choreographers, Elmerice Parts (1878–1974) and Gerd Neggo (1891–1974), who were primarily active as solo dancers in the 1920s. I also address the contribution of Herman Kolt, with whom Parts performed in 1926 and 1927. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four research articles. In these articles, I analyse discourses related to modern dance through various concepts and theories. Drawing on Edward Said’s concept of traveling theories, and its further development by Dongchao Min, I investigate how dance-specific knowledge was transformed in a new cultural context. Using the concept of transgression, I examine the art discourse of the time and explore where the boundaries between art and non-art lay. Jacques Rancière’s idea of the regime of the arts illuminates the transformative potential of modern dance. Finally, based on Judith Butler’s concept of gender performativity, I analyse how Parts and Neggo shaped the gender discourse of their era.
In my doctoral thesis, I explore the arrival of modern dance in Estonia and its impact on gender and artistic discourse. Modern dance, a theatre dance genre, first appeared in Estonia in the second decade of the 20th century. Unlike ballet, which was dominated by male choreographers, the leading figures, modern dance was led predominantly by women. This new art form not only created employment opportunities for women, but also offered them the opportunity to live independently and to step into the role of choreographers. As ballet’s conventions were set aside, new stories emerged, featuring female characters who expressed themselves through “free” movement. The rise of modern dance thus marked the end of ballet’s dominance on theatre dance. I use the term “modern dance” as an umbrella term, encompassing a variety of dance trends distinguished by movement language and technique. The most significant during the period I examine were plastic dance and Ausdruckstanz (in English, dance of expression). The research spans from the mid-1910s to the late 1930s, with particular emphasis on the 1920s, when modern dance gained widespread popularity and increasing recognition as a serious art form in Estonia. This dissertation focuses on two little-studied dancers and choreographers, Elmerice Parts (1878–1974) and Gerd Neggo (1891–1974), who were primarily active as solo dancers in the 1920s. I also address the contribution of Herman Kolt, with whom Parts performed in 1926 and 1927. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four research articles. In these articles, I analyse discourses related to modern dance through various concepts and theories. Drawing on Edward Said’s concept of traveling theories, and its further development by Dongchao Min, I investigate how dance-specific knowledge was transformed in a new cultural context. Using the concept of transgression, I examine the art discourse of the time and explore where the boundaries between art and non-art lay. Jacques Rancière’s idea of the regime of the arts illuminates the transformative potential of modern dance. Finally, based on Judith Butler’s concept of gender performativity, I analyse how Parts and Neggo shaped the gender discourse of their era.
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