Soviet and Russian approaches to democracy in international law
Date
2024-10-07
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Abstract
Käesoleva väitekirja peamine eesmärk on analüüsida Nõukogude Liidu ja praegusaegse Venemaa käsitusi demokraatiast rahvusvahelises õiguses „demokraatiaõiguse“ (democratic entitlement) teesi valguses. Samuti vaadeldakse selles nende käsitusi enesemääramisõigusest, mida peetakse sisemiselt seotuks arusaamaga demokraatiast rahvusvahelises õiguses. Sissejuhatavas peatükis (kompendium) ja neljas artiklis käsitletakse uurimuse peamist küsimust: kas on välja kujunenud eriomane Venemaa käsitus demokraatiast rahvusvahelises õiguses? Aluseks võetud hüpoteesis eeldatakse, et Nõukogude Liidu ja praegusaegse Venemaa käsituste vahel on järjepidevus.
Nõukogude Liidu käsitust uurides keskendutakse ametlikele seisukohtadele, eelkõige seoses 1948. aasta inimõiguste ülddeklaratsiooniga ja 1966. aasta kodaniku- ja poliitiliste õiguste rahvusvahelise paktiga. Tänapäeva Venemaa puhul analüüsitakse eelkõige aastatel 2000–2024 toimunud arenguid, käsitledes Venemaa ametlikku seisukohta selliste rahvusvahelise õiguse jaoks pöördeliste sündmuste suhtes nagu Krimmi annekteerimine 2014. aastal ja täiemahuline sõjaline sissetung Ukrainasse 2022. aastal.
Üldiselt ilmneb järeldustest, et Venemaa käsitus demokraatiast rahvusvahelises õiguses on muutunud järjest sarnasemaks nõukogudeaegsele, sisaldades sellega võrreldes nii lahknevusi kui ka järjepidevust. Nende käsituste järjepidevust võib näha selles, kuidas neis praktilise kasu eesmärkide nimel vormiliselt rõhutatakse suveräänsuse ja mittesekkumise tähtsust rahvusvahelises õiguses (suurriikide puhul) ning seistakse vastu lääne liberaalse „demokraatiaõiguse“ teesile. Samas puudub neil ühine ideoloogiline ja järjepidev kontseptuaalne alus. Seega on väide Venemaa eriomase käsituse olemasolust demokraatia ja rahvusvahelise õiguse küsimuses osaliselt kinnitust leidnud.
Kui arutleda selle üle, millist mõju Venemaa käsitus demokraatiaõigusest rahvusvahelises õiguses avaldab, on väljavaade liberaalse demokraatia pooldajate jaoks vastuoluline, sisaldades nii lootust kui ka muret. Sellest võib järeldada, et probleemidele vaatamata on lääne liberaalne paradigma jätkuvalt peamine raamistik, mis kujundab „demokraatiaõiguse“ arengut rahvusvahelises õiguses. Samas on endiselt ülekaalus esmajoones suveräänsust rõhutav liberaalsusele vastanduv käsitus; Francki visioon demokraatiast kui üldtunnustatud juriidilisest õigusest on täna sama kauge kui 1990. aastatel.
The central object of this dissertation is the analysis of Soviet and contemporary Russian approaches to democracy in international law in light of the “democratic entitlement” thesis. It also addresses their approaches to self-determination, viewing it as intrinsically intertwined with democracy in international law. The introductory chapter (compendium) and four articles collectively address the overarching question of this study: has there developed a distinct Russian approach to democracy within international law? The underlying hypothesis assumes continuities between Soviet and contemporary Russian approaches. While addressing the Soviet approach, the study focuses on their official position, primarily in the context of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Regarding contemporary Russia, the analysis focuses on the post-2000 developments until 2024, addressing Russia’s official position in the context of moments signifying turning points in international law, like the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Russia’s approach to democracy in international law has developed to increasingly mirror Soviet-era practices, showing both breaks and continuities with it. The continuity between these approaches is evident in their formal emphasis on sovereignty and non-interference in international law (for great powers), resisting Western liberal “democratic entitlement,” serving realist end goals. Nonetheless, it lacks a common ideological and consistent conceptual ground. Hence, the claim of a distinct “Russian approach” to democracy in international law is confirmed partially. The discussion on the impact of the Russian approach on democratic entitlement in international law offers a mixed outlook, both hopeful and concerning for supporters of liberal democracy. It suggests that, despite challenges, the Western liberal paradigm remains the dominant framework for shaping the trajectory of “democratic entitlement” in international law. However, a sovereignty-first approach continues to prevail and challenge it; Franck’s vision of democracy as a universally accepted legal right remains as distant as it was in the 1990s.
The central object of this dissertation is the analysis of Soviet and contemporary Russian approaches to democracy in international law in light of the “democratic entitlement” thesis. It also addresses their approaches to self-determination, viewing it as intrinsically intertwined with democracy in international law. The introductory chapter (compendium) and four articles collectively address the overarching question of this study: has there developed a distinct Russian approach to democracy within international law? The underlying hypothesis assumes continuities between Soviet and contemporary Russian approaches. While addressing the Soviet approach, the study focuses on their official position, primarily in the context of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Regarding contemporary Russia, the analysis focuses on the post-2000 developments until 2024, addressing Russia’s official position in the context of moments signifying turning points in international law, like the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Russia’s approach to democracy in international law has developed to increasingly mirror Soviet-era practices, showing both breaks and continuities with it. The continuity between these approaches is evident in their formal emphasis on sovereignty and non-interference in international law (for great powers), resisting Western liberal “democratic entitlement,” serving realist end goals. Nonetheless, it lacks a common ideological and consistent conceptual ground. Hence, the claim of a distinct “Russian approach” to democracy in international law is confirmed partially. The discussion on the impact of the Russian approach on democratic entitlement in international law offers a mixed outlook, both hopeful and concerning for supporters of liberal democracy. It suggests that, despite challenges, the Western liberal paradigm remains the dominant framework for shaping the trajectory of “democratic entitlement” in international law. However, a sovereignty-first approach continues to prevail and challenge it; Franck’s vision of democracy as a universally accepted legal right remains as distant as it was in the 1990s.
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