Süüteokatsest loobumise instituudi põhjendus ja kohaldatavuse piirid kuritegelikule eeltegevusele
Date
2017-10-06
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Abstract
Süüteokatsest loobumine annab tähenduse toimepanija teole, mis on suunatud õigushüve kahjustamise vältimisele. Eesti karistusseadustiku järgi on sellisel juhul välistatud toimepanija süü. Toimepanija õigushüve kaitsvale teole annab tähenduse ka tegevkahetsuse regulatsioon. Eesti karistusseadustiku kohaselt saab tegevkahetsuse tagajärjeks olla üksnes karistuse kergendamine või karistusest vabastamine. Järelikult on süüteokatsest loobumisel ja tegevkahetsusel Eesti karistusseadustiku järgi oluliselt erinev tähendus. Samas on oluline märkida, et mõlemad regulatsioonid võivad kohalduda kuritegelikule eeltegevusele ning mõlemal juhul võidakse hoida toimepanija teo tulemusel ära õigushüve kahjustamine.
Eeltoodu tõstatab olulise küsimuse: kas erineva tähenduse andmine toimepanija õigushüve kahjustamisele suunatud teole on põhjendatud. Kogu probleemistiku muudab keerulisemaks asjaolu, et süüteokatsest loobumisele puudub karistusõigusteoorias vastuoludeta põhjendus.
Käesoleva töö eesmärk on analüüsida, süüteokatsest loobumise tähendust ning kas ja millises ulatuses tuleks süüteokatsest loobumise regulatsiooni argumentatsiooni arvestada kuritegeliku eeltegevuse puhul eriosas, kui toimepanija realiseerib õigushüve kaitsele suunatud teo. Käesolevas töös on jõutud järeldusele, et karistusõiguses tuleb õigushüve kaitsvale teole tähenduse andmisel lähtuda ühtedest ja samadest põhimõtetest, sest nii on tagatud süsteemne lähenemine, isikute võrdne kohtlemine ning senisest efektiivsem õigushüvede kaitse.
Samas tuleb arvestada, et kuritegelik eeltegevus karistusõiguse üldosas ja karistusõiguse eriosas on karistatavad erinevate kriteeriumite alusel, mistõttu võib toimepanija õigushüve kaitsval teol olla erinev tähendus.
Järelikult tuleb analüüsida, kas süüteokatsest loobumise eeldused on täidetud või mitte. Juhul kui süüteokatsest loobumise eeldused on täidetud, siis tuleks ka karistusseadustiku eriosas sätestatud kuritegelikule eeltegevusele näha ette samaväärsed õiguslikud tagajärjed kui süüteokatsest loobumisele.
Abandonment of an attempt gives meaning to the offender’s actions which are aimed at avoiding the violation of legal rights. Estonian Penal Code provides that a person is precluded from guilt in the case of abandonment. Offender’s actions that protect the legal rights are also given meaning by active remorse regulation. According to Estonian Penal Code active remorse can only result in mitigating the punishment or release from punishment. It follows that abandonment of an attempt and active remorse have a significantly different meaning according to Estonian Penal Code. At the same time, it is important to state that both regulations can apply to preliminary stages of crime and in both cases the actions of the offender can lead to preventing the violation of legal rights. This raises an important question: whether giving a different meaning to the offender’s violation of legal rights is legitimate. The whole issue is made more complex by the fact that the abandonment of an attempt to commit an offence has no explanation in the theory of Penal Law, that would not be contradictory. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the meaning of abandonment of attempt, if and to what extent should the abandonment of attempt regulation be considered in the case of preliminary stages of crime in the special part of Penal Code, if the offender realizes the act aimed at protecting the legal rights. The thesis concludes that the Penal Code must interpret the act of protecting the legal rights according to unified principles, because only that way a systematic approach, fair treatment on persons and much more efficient protection of legal rights is guaranteed. At the same time, it needs to be considered that preliminary stages of crime are punishable according to different criteria in the Penal Code and in the special part of Penal Code, which means that the offenders attempt to protect the legal rights can have a different meaning. This means that an analysis is needed to establish if the assumptions for abandonment of an attempt to commit an offence are met or not. If the conditions for abandonment of an attempt are met, then also preliminary stages of crime established in the special part of Penal Code have the same legal consequences as abandonment of an attempt.
Abandonment of an attempt gives meaning to the offender’s actions which are aimed at avoiding the violation of legal rights. Estonian Penal Code provides that a person is precluded from guilt in the case of abandonment. Offender’s actions that protect the legal rights are also given meaning by active remorse regulation. According to Estonian Penal Code active remorse can only result in mitigating the punishment or release from punishment. It follows that abandonment of an attempt and active remorse have a significantly different meaning according to Estonian Penal Code. At the same time, it is important to state that both regulations can apply to preliminary stages of crime and in both cases the actions of the offender can lead to preventing the violation of legal rights. This raises an important question: whether giving a different meaning to the offender’s violation of legal rights is legitimate. The whole issue is made more complex by the fact that the abandonment of an attempt to commit an offence has no explanation in the theory of Penal Law, that would not be contradictory. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the meaning of abandonment of attempt, if and to what extent should the abandonment of attempt regulation be considered in the case of preliminary stages of crime in the special part of Penal Code, if the offender realizes the act aimed at protecting the legal rights. The thesis concludes that the Penal Code must interpret the act of protecting the legal rights according to unified principles, because only that way a systematic approach, fair treatment on persons and much more efficient protection of legal rights is guaranteed. At the same time, it needs to be considered that preliminary stages of crime are punishable according to different criteria in the Penal Code and in the special part of Penal Code, which means that the offenders attempt to protect the legal rights can have a different meaning. This means that an analysis is needed to establish if the assumptions for abandonment of an attempt to commit an offence are met or not. If the conditions for abandonment of an attempt are met, then also preliminary stages of crime established in the special part of Penal Code have the same legal consequences as abandonment of an attempt.
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Keywords
karistusõigus, süü (jur.), karistamine, süüteod, süüteokatse, andestamine, õigusteooria, penal law, guilt (law), punishing, offences, forgiveness, legal theory