Studies on Semliki Forest virus replication and pathogenesis
Date
2012-08-27
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Abstract
Alfaviirused on maailmas väga laialt levinud selgroogsete organismide patogeenid ja nad põhjustavad erinevate sümptomitega haigusi, sealhulgas ka artriiti (liigesepõletik) ja vahel surmaga lõppevat entsefaliiti (ajupõletik). Alfaviiruste nakkuse ennetamist võimaldavad efektiivsed vaktsiinid ja nakkuse ravimiseks vajalikud spetsiifilised ravimid hetkel puuduvad. Selleks, et viiruste poolt põhjustatud haiguseid oleks võimalik ennetada või ravida, on esmalt vaja viiruse nakkust põhjalikult uurida ning detailselt mõista.
Üheks kõige põhjalikumalt uuritud alfaviiruseks on Semliki Forest viirus (SFV), millele keskendus ka minu uurimistöö. SFV põhjustab hiirtes entsefaliiti ning SFV nakkust kasutatakse ühe võimaliku mudelina viirusliku entsefaliidi uurimisel. Hõlbustamaks viiruse paljunemise jälgimist organismis, disainisin ma SFV vormid, mis tootsid kergesti visualiseeritavaid või kvantiteeritavaid valke, nn markervalke. Loodud markerviirused võimaldasid detailselt jälgida SFV levikut täskasvanud hiire kesknärvisüsteemis. Minu uurimustöö näitas, et SFV nakkuse dünaamika on erinevat tüüpi rakkudes erinev – neuronid surusid viiruse valkude tootmise kiiresti maha, aga oligodendrotsüütid ei saanud sellega hakkama ning viiruse valkude tootmine toimus ka hilises nakkuse staadiumis. Leidsin ka, et nakkuse kulg neuronites sõltub nende rakkude küpsusastmest. Noored diferentseerumata neuronid ei suutnud viiruse valkude sünteesi efektiivselt maha suruda ja seetõttu toimus SFV paljunemine noortes rakkudes palju kiiremini kui küpsetes diferentseerunud neuronites. Saadud tulemused aitavad paremini mõista nii SFV kui teiste alfaviiruste infektsiooni ja patogeneesi selgroogsete, kaasa arvatud inimese, organismis.
Alphaviruses are widely spread vertebrate pathogens, which cause different diseases, including arthritis (inflammation of joints) and encephalitis (inflammation of brain). To date, there are no available efficient vaccines for alphaviruses nor specific drugs to cure the disease. To protect or cure an individual form infection, one must first study the virus infection and understand it in detail. One of the best studied alphaviruses, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), has been the focus of my research. In mice, SFV infection leads to the development of encephalitis and SFV-infected mice serve as a good model for studying the disease. I designed recombinant SFVs, which produce marker proteins that are easy to visualise and quantify. These viruses enabled me to monitor the SFV infection in the central nervous system of adult mice and led to the discovery that the dynamics of SFV infection depend on the cell type infected. In neurons, the synthesis of viral proteins was rapidly downregulated. Oligodendrocytes, on the other hand, were unable to efficiently control virus propagation and the synthesis of viral proteins continued also during later stages of infection. I also found that the course of SFV infection depends on the differentiation state of neurons. Immature neurons were unable to control the synthesis of viral proteins and the virus was propagating in these cells more rapidly than in mature neurons. These data help us better understand the infection and pathogenesis of SFV and other alphaviruses in vertebrates, including humans.
Alphaviruses are widely spread vertebrate pathogens, which cause different diseases, including arthritis (inflammation of joints) and encephalitis (inflammation of brain). To date, there are no available efficient vaccines for alphaviruses nor specific drugs to cure the disease. To protect or cure an individual form infection, one must first study the virus infection and understand it in detail. One of the best studied alphaviruses, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), has been the focus of my research. In mice, SFV infection leads to the development of encephalitis and SFV-infected mice serve as a good model for studying the disease. I designed recombinant SFVs, which produce marker proteins that are easy to visualise and quantify. These viruses enabled me to monitor the SFV infection in the central nervous system of adult mice and led to the discovery that the dynamics of SFV infection depend on the cell type infected. In neurons, the synthesis of viral proteins was rapidly downregulated. Oligodendrocytes, on the other hand, were unable to efficiently control virus propagation and the synthesis of viral proteins continued also during later stages of infection. I also found that the course of SFV infection depends on the differentiation state of neurons. Immature neurons were unable to control the synthesis of viral proteins and the virus was propagating in these cells more rapidly than in mature neurons. These data help us better understand the infection and pathogenesis of SFV and other alphaviruses in vertebrates, including humans.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
Semliki metsaviirus, replikatsioon, patogeensus, Semliki forest virus, replication, pathogenicity