Aktiivsus- ja tähelepanuhäire geneetilise eelsoodumuse seosed diagnooside kasvu ja sotsiaal-demograafiliste tunnustega
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Kirjastaja
Tartu Ülikool
Abstrakt
Aktiivsus- ja tähelepanuhäire (ATH) diagnooside arv on Eestis alates 2021. aastast märgatavalt kasvanud, eriti täiskasvanute ja naiste seas. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärk on uurida, kas ATH geneetiline eelsoodumus, väljendatuna standardiseeritud polügeense riskiskoorina (sPRS), erineb diagnoosiaasta, diagnoosiaegse vanuse, soo ja haridustaseme lõikes. Töö põhineb Tartu Ülikooli Eesti geenivaramu andmestikul, kuhu kuulub 3138 ATH diagnoosiga geenidoonorit.
Diagnoositud isikute seas hinnatakse mitmese lineaarse regressioonimudeliga sPRS-i seoseid diagnoosiaasta, diagnoosiaegse vanuse, soo ja haridustasemega. Analüüsi käigus ilmnes, et kuna andmestikus puudub info pärast 2021. aastat alaealisena diagnoosi saanute kohta, siis tuleb nad mudelitest välja jätta.
Analüüs näitas, et pärast 2021. aastat kasvas täiskasvanuna diagnoosi saanud isikute seas naiste ja kõrgharidusega inimeste osakaal. Regressioonimudelites ei olnud diagnoosiaasta ega diagnoosiaegne vanus statistiliselt olulises seoses sPRS-iga. Küll aga oli madalam haridustase seotud kõrgema sPRS-iga ning naistel oli keskmiselt kõrgem sPRS kui meestel.
Kirjeldavas analüüsis võrreldakse alaealisena diagnoosi saanuid täiskasvanuna diagnoosi saanutega enne 2021. aastat, kui andmestikus alaealisena diagnoosi saanuid esines. Analüüs näitas, et alaealisena diagnoosi saanutel on keskmiselt kõrgem sPRS kui täiskasvanuna diagnoosi saanutel.
Tulemused viitasid sellele, et diagnooside arvu kasv ei peegeldu käesolevas andmestikus selge sõltumatu ajatrendina ATH sPRS-is. Pigem võib diagnooside kasv olla seotud sellega, et viimastel aastatel jõuavad diagnoosini varasemast erineva sotsiaal-demograafilise profiiliga inimesed nagu näiteks naised, kellel jäi diagnoos alaealisena saamata, kuna naiste puhul on ATH sümptomeid raskem märgata.
Töö arutleb erinevate piirangute üle nagu näiteks, et geenivaramu ei ole kogu Eesti rahvastiku juhuvalim ja sPRS ei ole kliiniline diagnoosivahend, mistõttu tuleb tulemusi tõlgendada ettevaatlikult.
Töö toetab vajadust uurida lähemalt ATH diagnooside arvu kasvu tegelikke põhjuseid.
The number of diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased in Estonia since 2021, particularly among adults and women. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine whether genetic liability to ADHD, measured using a standardized polygenic risk score (sPRS), varies by year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, sex and level of education. The study is based on data from the University of Tartu Estonian Biobank, which includes 3138 gene donors diagnosed with ADHD. Among diagnosed individuals, associations between sPRS and year of diag nosis, age at diagnosis, sex, and education level are assessed using a mul tiple linear regression model. During the analysis, it became apparent that the dataset lacks information on individuals diagnosed as minors after 2021. Therefore, those diagnosed as minors were excluded from the models. The analysis showed that after 2021, the proportion of women and individuals with higher education increased among those diagnosed in adulthood. In the regression models, neither year of diagnosis nor age at diagnosis were statistically significantly associated with sPRS. However, lower education level was associated with higher sPRS, and women had, on average, higher sPRS than men. Descriptive analysis indicated that before 2021, individuals diagnosed as minors had, on average, higher sPRS than those diagnosed in adulthood. The results suggest that the increase in diagnoses is not reflected in this dataset as a clear independent time trend in the ADHD polygenic risk score. Rather, the rise in diagnoses may be related to the fact that in recent years, individuals with different socio-demographic profiles, such as women who were not diagnosed in childhood, because their symptoms are harder to detect, are increasingly receiving diagnoses. The thesis also discusses several limitations, such as the fact that the biobank is not a random sample of the entire Estonian population and that sPRS is not a clinical diagnostic tool. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. The study supports the need for further research into the underlying causes of the increase in ADHD diagnoses.
The number of diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased in Estonia since 2021, particularly among adults and women. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine whether genetic liability to ADHD, measured using a standardized polygenic risk score (sPRS), varies by year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, sex and level of education. The study is based on data from the University of Tartu Estonian Biobank, which includes 3138 gene donors diagnosed with ADHD. Among diagnosed individuals, associations between sPRS and year of diag nosis, age at diagnosis, sex, and education level are assessed using a mul tiple linear regression model. During the analysis, it became apparent that the dataset lacks information on individuals diagnosed as minors after 2021. Therefore, those diagnosed as minors were excluded from the models. The analysis showed that after 2021, the proportion of women and individuals with higher education increased among those diagnosed in adulthood. In the regression models, neither year of diagnosis nor age at diagnosis were statistically significantly associated with sPRS. However, lower education level was associated with higher sPRS, and women had, on average, higher sPRS than men. Descriptive analysis indicated that before 2021, individuals diagnosed as minors had, on average, higher sPRS than those diagnosed in adulthood. The results suggest that the increase in diagnoses is not reflected in this dataset as a clear independent time trend in the ADHD polygenic risk score. Rather, the rise in diagnoses may be related to the fact that in recent years, individuals with different socio-demographic profiles, such as women who were not diagnosed in childhood, because their symptoms are harder to detect, are increasingly receiving diagnoses. The thesis also discusses several limitations, such as the fact that the biobank is not a random sample of the entire Estonian population and that sPRS is not a clinical diagnostic tool. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. The study supports the need for further research into the underlying causes of the increase in ADHD diagnoses.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
aktiivsus- ja tähelepanuhäire, polügeenne riskiskoor, Eesti geenivaramu, ADHD, genome-wide association study (GWAS), polygenic risk score, Estonian Biobank