Determinants of arterial structure and function in healthy children and adolescents
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Südame-veresoonkonna haigused on maailma peamised surma- ja haigestumispõhjused ning nende areng saab sageli alguse juba lapseeas. Ateroskleroos ehk veresoonte „lubjastumine“ algab vaevumärgatavalt: veresoonte sein muutub põletiku ja oksüdatiivse stressi tõttu jäigemaks, sinna ladestuvad rasvad ning sein pakseneb. Neid muutusi saab hinnata mõõtes arterite seina paksust ultraheliga ja arterite jäikust pulsilaine levikukiirusega.
Käesolev doktoritöö kasutas Eesti ja Soome laste pikaajalisi jälgimisuuringuid, et mõista, kuidas kehakaal, kehaline aktiivsus, kehaline võimekus, keha koostis ja luustiku areng seostuvad veresoonte tervisega. Lapsi ja noorukeid jälgiti kaheksa aasta jooksul kasutades võimalikult täpseid mõõtmismeetodeid.
Leiti, et luutihedus ja -kasv on seotud arterite jäikuse näitajatega viidates sellele, et skeleti ja veresoonkonna areng on omavahel põimunud juba lapseeas. Tulemused näitasid ka, et veresoonte haiguslik paksenemine noorukieas võib tekkida lapsepõlve suurema rasvamassi ja kõrgema kehamassiindeksi mõjul, kuid parem kehaline võimekus ja suurem rasvavaba mass võivad samuti viia veresoonte paksenemiseni. Sel juhul on tegemist pigem loomuliku treeninguga kohanemise mitte haigusliku muutusega, sest arterite elastsust liikumine hoopis parandas. Veel täheldati, et seitsmest tegurist (vererõhk, kehamassiindeks, kehaline aktiivsus, vere kolesterooli ja suhkru tase, suitsetamisharjumused ja dieet) koosnev südame tervisenäitaja lapsepõlves ennustas hilisemat arterite jäikust.
Kokkuvõttes kinnitab töö, et veresoonte tervise eest tuleb hoolitseda juba varakult, kuna lapseea elustiil jätab oma jälje veresoontele pikemaks ajaks. Lapseeas on arterite elastsus, mitte paksus selgemalt seotud riskifaktoritega. Normaalne kehakaal, regulaarne liikumine ja hea üldine südame-veresoonkonna tervis lapsepõlves loovad aluse tervetele ja elastsetele veresoontele tulevikus.
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and their development often starts in childhood. Atherosclerosis also known as hardening of the arteries starts silently: due to inflammation and oxidative stress, vessel walls become stiffer, fats accumulate, and the wall thickens. These early changes can be detected by measuring carotid artery wall thickness with ultrasound and arterial elasticity by pulse wave velocity. This doctoral thesis used long-term follow-up data from Estonian and Finnish children to understand how physical activity, physical fitness, body composition and bone development relate to arterial health. Children and adolescents were followed for 8 years with as objective measures as possible. The findings showed that bone density and growth are associated with indicators of arterial stiffness, suggesting that the skeleton and vascular system are related to each other already in young age. The results also indicated that pathological thickening of the arteries in adolescence may arise from higher fat mass and a higher body mass index in childhood, but better physical fitness and greater lean mass can also lead to arterial thickening. In this case, however, it is likely a natural adaptation to exercise rather than a pathological change, since physical activity decreased arterial stiffness. It was also observed that a cardiovascular health score composed of seven factors (blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity, blood cholesterol and glucose levels, smoking habits, and diet) in childhood predicted later arterial stiffness. In summary, this work confirms that vascular health has to be protected from an early age as the lifestyle of children is imprinted into the arteries for a longer period. In childhood, arterial stiffness, not thickness is more clearly related to risk factors. Normal body weight, regular physical activity and good overall cardiovascular health in childhood help build healthy, elastic arteries for adulthood.
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and their development often starts in childhood. Atherosclerosis also known as hardening of the arteries starts silently: due to inflammation and oxidative stress, vessel walls become stiffer, fats accumulate, and the wall thickens. These early changes can be detected by measuring carotid artery wall thickness with ultrasound and arterial elasticity by pulse wave velocity. This doctoral thesis used long-term follow-up data from Estonian and Finnish children to understand how physical activity, physical fitness, body composition and bone development relate to arterial health. Children and adolescents were followed for 8 years with as objective measures as possible. The findings showed that bone density and growth are associated with indicators of arterial stiffness, suggesting that the skeleton and vascular system are related to each other already in young age. The results also indicated that pathological thickening of the arteries in adolescence may arise from higher fat mass and a higher body mass index in childhood, but better physical fitness and greater lean mass can also lead to arterial thickening. In this case, however, it is likely a natural adaptation to exercise rather than a pathological change, since physical activity decreased arterial stiffness. It was also observed that a cardiovascular health score composed of seven factors (blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity, blood cholesterol and glucose levels, smoking habits, and diet) in childhood predicted later arterial stiffness. In summary, this work confirms that vascular health has to be protected from an early age as the lifestyle of children is imprinted into the arteries for a longer period. In childhood, arterial stiffness, not thickness is more clearly related to risk factors. Normal body weight, regular physical activity and good overall cardiovascular health in childhood help build healthy, elastic arteries for adulthood.
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