Проблема «Россия и Европа» в русских литературных путешествиях (Фонвизин – Карамзин – Достоевский)
Date
2022-10-28
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
„Venemaa ja Euroopa“ on üks uue aja vene kirjanduse, kriitika ja publitsistika võtmetähtsusega probleeme. Just valitud kronoloogilisel perioodil — 18.–19. sajandi keskpaik — hakkas venelaste suhtumine Euroopasse kujunema omaette kirjeldusobjektiks, mis on eriti iseloomulik traveloogidele (ka sünonüümidena: „reisikiri“, „reisikirjandus“, „travel literatuure“, „travel writing“, „Reisebericht“). Käesolevas väitekirjas käsitletakse ainult neid reisikirju, kus autorid on, esiteks, seda probleemi oma põhiteemana vaadelnud ja, teiseks, kasutanud mudelit „venelane Euroopas“. Selle mudeli evolutsioon on antud töös tähelepanu keskpunktis.
Väitekirjas keskenduti olulistele, pretsedenti loovatele tekstidele: Deniss Fonvizini „Kirjad Prantsusmaalt“ (1778); Nikolai Karamzini „Vene reisija kirjad“ (1791–1801) ja Fjodor Dostojevski „Talviseid märkmeid suviseist muljeist“ (1863). Fonvizini, Karamzini ja Dostojevski teosed kujutavad endast kolme kõige tähelepanuväärsemat näidet erinevate mudelite konstrueerimisest: „pettunud reisija“, „naiivne reisija“, „vene reisija“, „vene eurooplane“. Väitekiri näitab, et need, varem uurimata mudelid on vene reisikirjanduses kõige mõjukamad.
Kirjandusliku mudeli „venelane Euroopas“ ja selle variantide käsitlemine viidi töös läbi ajaloolis-kirjanduslikust perspektiivist lähtuvalt, kronoloogiliselt iga mudeli variandi sees. Kokkuvõttes võimaldas see näidata, et valitud perioodi raames on jälgitavad mudeli evolutsiooni põhietapid, mille sõlmib kokku Dostojevski teos „Talviseid märkmeid suviseist muljeist“.
Mudel „vene eurooplane“ võtab kokku eespool mainitud mudelite arengu vene reisikirjades. Mudelilt „kohtumine Euroopaga“ pärib see pragmaatilise osa: Euroopa elu nähtusi kirjeldatakse Venemaa sisemise arengu käsitlemise eesmärkidel. „Kirjades Prantsusmaalt“ antud „pettumuse“ mudeliga lähendab seda üldine hinnangute toon ja keele rõhutatud rahvapärasus. Mudelist „naiivne reisija“ sai „vene eurooplane“ vormeli kontakti jaoks tegelikkusega. Teostest, mille eesmärk on uurida „rahvuslikku iseloomu“, on laenatud teravdatud huvi enesemääramise vastu.
Doktoritöös vaadeldavate vene traveloogide spetsiifika seisneb selles, et need sisaldavad reisija refleksiooni mitte lihtsalt iseenda kohta, vaid ka selle kohta, kuidas venelased Euroopasse suhtuvad.
Oluline on rõhutada veel ühte väitekirja järeldust. Jutustaja kujund Fonvizini, Karamzini ja Dostojevski traveloogides on otseselt seotud oma lugejaskonda kujundava teose pragmaatikaga. Fonvizinil on selleks lugejaks eesrindlik aadelkond, Karamzinil euroopalikult haritud publik, Dostojevskil tema poolt poleemikaks kutsutud „vene eurooplased“.
“Russia and Europe” is one of the key issues for Russian literature, criticism and opinion journalism of the Modern Times. In namely this chronological period — from the 18th to the early 19th centuries — the attitude to Europe started to become a subject of depiction. This is particularly characteristic of travelogues (the terms “travelogue, “travel literature”, “travel writing”, “Reisebericht” are used synonymously). The current thesis observes only these of them where the authors, first, disclosed this issue as the theme of their text and, second, used the model of the “Russian in Europe”. The attention is centred on the evolution of this model and it’s versions. The thesis concentrates on the precedential texts — Letters from France by Denis Fonvizin (1778), Letters of a Russian traveller by Nikolay Karamzin (1791–1801) and Winter Notes on Summer Impressions by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1863). The works of Fonvizin, Karamzin and Dostoevsky are three most notable examples of constructing various narration models: “the disappointed traveller”, “the naive traveller”, “the Russian traveller”, “the Russian European”, and these models, as shown in the thesis, although greatly influential in Russian literature, have almost not been studied. The observation of the model of “Russian in Europe” and these of its varieties, which form the theme of the current thesis, was carried out in historical and literary perspective, chronologically within each model. As a result, this made it possible to show that, within the framework of the selected chronological period, the model went through the main stages of evolution, which were summed up in the text concluding the period — Winter Notes on Summer Impressions. The model of the Russian European sums up the development of those models in Russian travel writings that were studied the thesis. From the model of “encounter with Europe”, follows the pragmatic component — the phenomena of European life are described for the purposes of internal development of Russia set by the Russians themselves. It is drawn closer to the model of disappointment expressed in Letters from France by the general tone of judgements and the accentuated folksiness of the language. The “naive traveller” gave the “Russian European” the formula for contact with the reality. The works targeted to studying the national character reveal particular interest in self-determination. The specific feature of the Russian travelogues viewed in the thesis dealing with the issue of Russia and Europe lies in the fact that they contain reflections not only about themselves but also on how Russians relate to Europe. It is important to underscore another conclusion of the thesis. The narrator’s image in Fonvizin’s, Karamzin’s and Dostoevsky’s travelogues is directly related to the pragmatics of their creation, which forms its readership. For Fonvizin, it is discontented nobility, for Karamzin — the public who has received European education and for Dostoevsky — “Russian Europeans” provoked to polemics.
“Russia and Europe” is one of the key issues for Russian literature, criticism and opinion journalism of the Modern Times. In namely this chronological period — from the 18th to the early 19th centuries — the attitude to Europe started to become a subject of depiction. This is particularly characteristic of travelogues (the terms “travelogue, “travel literature”, “travel writing”, “Reisebericht” are used synonymously). The current thesis observes only these of them where the authors, first, disclosed this issue as the theme of their text and, second, used the model of the “Russian in Europe”. The attention is centred on the evolution of this model and it’s versions. The thesis concentrates on the precedential texts — Letters from France by Denis Fonvizin (1778), Letters of a Russian traveller by Nikolay Karamzin (1791–1801) and Winter Notes on Summer Impressions by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1863). The works of Fonvizin, Karamzin and Dostoevsky are three most notable examples of constructing various narration models: “the disappointed traveller”, “the naive traveller”, “the Russian traveller”, “the Russian European”, and these models, as shown in the thesis, although greatly influential in Russian literature, have almost not been studied. The observation of the model of “Russian in Europe” and these of its varieties, which form the theme of the current thesis, was carried out in historical and literary perspective, chronologically within each model. As a result, this made it possible to show that, within the framework of the selected chronological period, the model went through the main stages of evolution, which were summed up in the text concluding the period — Winter Notes on Summer Impressions. The model of the Russian European sums up the development of those models in Russian travel writings that were studied the thesis. From the model of “encounter with Europe”, follows the pragmatic component — the phenomena of European life are described for the purposes of internal development of Russia set by the Russians themselves. It is drawn closer to the model of disappointment expressed in Letters from France by the general tone of judgements and the accentuated folksiness of the language. The “naive traveller” gave the “Russian European” the formula for contact with the reality. The works targeted to studying the national character reveal particular interest in self-determination. The specific feature of the Russian travelogues viewed in the thesis dealing with the issue of Russia and Europe lies in the fact that they contain reflections not only about themselves but also on how Russians relate to Europe. It is important to underscore another conclusion of the thesis. The narrator’s image in Fonvizin’s, Karamzin’s and Dostoevsky’s travelogues is directly related to the pragmatics of their creation, which forms its readership. For Fonvizin, it is discontented nobility, for Karamzin — the public who has received European education and for Dostoevsky — “Russian Europeans” provoked to polemics.
Description
Keywords
writers, Russian, travel accounts, themes, Russians, Europe, attitudes, national characteristics, 19th century, history of literature