The effect of CO2 enrichment on net photosynthesis of macrophytes in a brackish water environment
Kuupäev
2016-10-25
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Ookeanide hapestumine on kiiresti kasvav üleilmne keskkonnaprobleem, mis on otseselt seotud inimtekkelise süsihappegaasi (CO2) emissiooniga atmosfääri. Hapestumise all mõistetakse ookeanide pH-taseme langust, mida peamiselt põhjustab suurenenud atmosfäärse süsinikdioksiidi neeldumine pinnavees. Alates tööstusrevolutsioonist 18. sajandi lõpul on umbes kolmandik inimtegevuse tõttu atmosfääri eraldunud CO2-st talletunud maailma ookeanides, põhjustades ookeanide pinnavee pH-taseme languse umbes 0,1 ühiku võrra. Kui CO2-emissiooni ei reguleerita, võib ookeanivee pH-tase järgmise sajandi alguseks langeda 0,3–0,4 ühiku võrra. Senised uuringud on näidanud, et prognoositavad muutused võivad tugevalt mõjutada mereökosüsteemide funktsioneerimist.
Antud doktoritöös uuriti, kuidas merevee happesuse suurenemine mõjutab laialt levinud bentiliste makrofüütide fotosünteesi Kirde-Läänemere tingimustes. Lisaks uuriti temperatuuri ja valguse lühiajalise loodusliku varieeruvuse ja suurenenud CO2-sisalduse koosmõju makrofüütide fotosünteesile. Aastatel 2011 kuni 2014 vahemikus juuni-juuli viidi Saaremaa lõunarannikul Kõiguste lahes läbi mesokosmikatsed. Vaatluse all olevaid liike inkubeeriti lühiajalistes katsetes, mille käigus manipuleeriti erinevate CO2-tasemetega. Uurimistulemused näitasid, et bentilised makrofüüdid on võimelised fotosünteesima kõrgete CO2-sisalduste juures ning CO2 looduslik sisaldus merevees limiteerib makrofüütide fotosünteesi vegetatsiooniperioodi jooksul. Seega võivad makrofüütide kooslused tulevikus puhverdada merevee hapestumise negatiivset mõju Läänemeres. Merevee hapestumise mõju makrofüütidele on liigispetsiifiline ning sõltub koosmõjust teiste keskkonnateguritega, peamiselt vee temperatuurist ja valguse kättesaadavusest. Üks peamisi merevee happesuse suurenemise tagajärgi tulevikus on muutused põhjakoosluste liigilises koosseisus, kuna CO2 sisalduse tõus soodustab eelkõige üheaastaste niitjate suurvetikate vohamist.
Today one of the greatest global environmental issues is ocean acidification, which is directly related to our carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Ocean acidification is defined as a reduction in the global ocean pH, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution the surface of the ocean has absorbed approximately 30% of anthropogenic CO2 released from the atmosphere. As a result surface ocean pH has decreased 0.1 units over the same period and pH is projected to fall a further 0.3-0.4 units by 2100. Ocean acidification are predicted to cause extensive changes in marine ecosystems worldwide. The objective of this thesis was to describe the effect of CO2 enrichment on the net photosynthesis of macrophyte species in the brackish north-eastern Baltic Sea. In addition, we investigated whether increased CO2 in combination with short-term natural fluctuations of environmental factors exerts an interactive effect on the net photosynthesis of macrophytes. The mesocosm experiments were carried out in Kõiguste Bay during four different experimental periods in June–July in 2011–2014. Our results suggest that future increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to enhance photosynthesis of macrophyte species. However, this effect was highly species specific. The magnitude of the effect of CO2 enrichment on macrophytes is affected by several environmental factors, mainly by changes in water temperature and light availability. The natural concentrations of inorganic carbon in shallow coastal water most likely limit the net photosynthesis of macrophytes. Thus, during the active vegetation period macrophyte communities will have a buffering role under future ocean acidification. Increased CO2 concentrations may cause shifts in the species composition of macrophyte communities, first of all the replacement of slowly growing perennial algae with fast growing filamentous algal species.
Today one of the greatest global environmental issues is ocean acidification, which is directly related to our carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Ocean acidification is defined as a reduction in the global ocean pH, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution the surface of the ocean has absorbed approximately 30% of anthropogenic CO2 released from the atmosphere. As a result surface ocean pH has decreased 0.1 units over the same period and pH is projected to fall a further 0.3-0.4 units by 2100. Ocean acidification are predicted to cause extensive changes in marine ecosystems worldwide. The objective of this thesis was to describe the effect of CO2 enrichment on the net photosynthesis of macrophyte species in the brackish north-eastern Baltic Sea. In addition, we investigated whether increased CO2 in combination with short-term natural fluctuations of environmental factors exerts an interactive effect on the net photosynthesis of macrophytes. The mesocosm experiments were carried out in Kõiguste Bay during four different experimental periods in June–July in 2011–2014. Our results suggest that future increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to enhance photosynthesis of macrophyte species. However, this effect was highly species specific. The magnitude of the effect of CO2 enrichment on macrophytes is affected by several environmental factors, mainly by changes in water temperature and light availability. The natural concentrations of inorganic carbon in shallow coastal water most likely limit the net photosynthesis of macrophytes. Thus, during the active vegetation period macrophyte communities will have a buffering role under future ocean acidification. Increased CO2 concentrations may cause shifts in the species composition of macrophyte communities, first of all the replacement of slowly growing perennial algae with fast growing filamentous algal species.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
merevesi, hapestumine, makrofüüdid, fotosüntees, riimvesi, sea water, acidification, macrophytes, photosynthesis, brackish water