Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: genetic etiology and the genotype/phenotype correlation in Estonia
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Kirjastaja
Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Käesolevas doktoritöös uuriti päriliku rinna- ja munasarjavähi geneetilisi põhjuseid ning genotüübi ja fenotüübi vahelisi seoseid Eesti patsientidel. Analüüs hõlmas aastatel 2007–2024 TÜK Geneetika ja personaalmeditsiini kliinikus tehtud iduliini- ja kasvajakoe uuringuid rinna- ja munasarjavähi patsientidel ning rinna- ja/või munasarjavähiga koormatud perekonnaanamneesiga tervetel pereliikmetel.
Tulemused näitasid, et geneetiline testimine on Eestis viimase 17 aasta jooksul arenenud üksikgeenide analüüsist ulatuslike ülegenoomsete uuringuteni. Geneetilisi teste tellivad üha sagedamini ka teiste erialade arstid (66,1%), mitte ainult meditsiinigeneetikud. Rinna- ja munasarjavähiga patsientidel tuvastati haigust põhjustavaid geneetilisi variante vastavalt 17,4% ja 26,0% juhtudest. Kõige sagedamini esinesid patogeensed variandid geenides BRCA1 ja BRCA2, kuid kliiniliselt olulisi variante leiti kokku 21 vähiriskiga seotud geenis. See rõhutab, et üksnes BRCA1/2 geenide testimisest ei piisa ning vajalik on kasutada laiendatud geenipaneele.
Uuring tõi esile ka perekondliku geneetilise testimise olulise rolli. Rinna- ja/või munasarjavähi perekonnaanamneesiga tervetel pereliikmetel tuvastati haigust põhjustavaid geneetilisi variante ligi 1/5 uuritutest, mis võimaldab rakendada personaalseid ennetus-, jälgimis- ja varajase avastamise strateegiaid vastavalt tuvastatud geenivariandile. Samuti ilmnes mõlemast uuringust, et mehed on geneetilises testimises alaesindatud, kuigi vähiriski suurendavad geenivariandid võivad ka meestel oluliselt tõsta mitmete pahaloomuliste kasvajate tekkeriski.
Lisaks andis käesolev doktoritöö esmakordselt põhjaliku ülevaate Eesti munasarjavähi kasvajakoe molekulaarsest profiilist. Kasvajakoe analüüsil tuvastati enim haigusseoselisi variante geenides TP53 ja BRCA1/2 ning enam kui 1/3 patsientidest leiti kliinilist käsitlust mõjutavaid geneetilisi muutusi. Samuti esines ~50% kõrgmaliigse seroosse munasarjavähi juhtudest homoloogse rekombinatsiooni puudulikkus, mis võib ennustada paremat ravivastust PARP-inhibiitoritele.
Doktoritöö tulemused toetavad personaliseeritud meditsiini arengut Eestis ning aitavad parandada päriliku vähi varajast avastamist, ennetust ja täppisravi võimalusi.
This doctoral thesis investigated the genetic causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and genotype-phenotype associations in Estonian patients. The study included germline and tumor tissue analysis performed between 2007-2024 at the Clinic of Genetics and Personalized Medicine of Tartu University Hospital among patients with breast and ovarian cancer, as well as healthy family members with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. The results demonstrated that genetic testing in Estonia has evolved over the past 17 years from single-gene analysis to extensive genome-wide approaches. Genetic tests are increasingly being ordered by other medical specialties (66.1%), not only by medical geneticists. Pathogenic genetic variants were identified in 17.4% of breast cancer patients and 26.0% of ovarian cancer patients. Pathogenic variants were most frequently detected in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes; however, clinically significant variants were identified in a total of 21 cancer susceptibility genes. These findings highlight that testing limited to BRCA1/2 is insufficient and that expanded gene panels are necessary. The study also highlighted the important role of familial genetic testing. Pathogenic variants were identified in nearly 1/5 of healthy family members with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, enabling the implementation of personalized prevention, surveillance, and early detection strategies based on the identified genetic variant. Both studies demonstrated that men are underrepresented, although cancer-predisposing variants may substantially increase the risk of multiple malignancies in men as well. In addition, this doctoral thesis provided the first comprehensive overview of the molecular profile of ovarian cancer tumor tissue in Estonia. Tumor tissue analysis most frequently identified pathogenic variants in TP53 and BRCA1/2, and clinically actionable genetic alterations were detected in more than 1/3 of patients. Furthermore, homologous recombination deficiency was observed in ~50% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, which may predict response to PARP inhibitors. The results support the development of personalized medicine in Estonia and contribute to improving the early detection, prevention, and precision treatment of hereditary cancer.
This doctoral thesis investigated the genetic causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and genotype-phenotype associations in Estonian patients. The study included germline and tumor tissue analysis performed between 2007-2024 at the Clinic of Genetics and Personalized Medicine of Tartu University Hospital among patients with breast and ovarian cancer, as well as healthy family members with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. The results demonstrated that genetic testing in Estonia has evolved over the past 17 years from single-gene analysis to extensive genome-wide approaches. Genetic tests are increasingly being ordered by other medical specialties (66.1%), not only by medical geneticists. Pathogenic genetic variants were identified in 17.4% of breast cancer patients and 26.0% of ovarian cancer patients. Pathogenic variants were most frequently detected in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes; however, clinically significant variants were identified in a total of 21 cancer susceptibility genes. These findings highlight that testing limited to BRCA1/2 is insufficient and that expanded gene panels are necessary. The study also highlighted the important role of familial genetic testing. Pathogenic variants were identified in nearly 1/5 of healthy family members with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, enabling the implementation of personalized prevention, surveillance, and early detection strategies based on the identified genetic variant. Both studies demonstrated that men are underrepresented, although cancer-predisposing variants may substantially increase the risk of multiple malignancies in men as well. In addition, this doctoral thesis provided the first comprehensive overview of the molecular profile of ovarian cancer tumor tissue in Estonia. Tumor tissue analysis most frequently identified pathogenic variants in TP53 and BRCA1/2, and clinically actionable genetic alterations were detected in more than 1/3 of patients. Furthermore, homologous recombination deficiency was observed in ~50% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, which may predict response to PARP inhibitors. The results support the development of personalized medicine in Estonia and contribute to improving the early detection, prevention, and precision treatment of hereditary cancer.
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