Smart-device related thoughts among pupils and their relationship with motivation for participation in activities

Abstract

The impact of smart device use among children has been addressed in previous studies mainly through self-reported methods. This study aimed to apply an objective method to record smart-device related thoughts among pupils in two different environments and to examine their association with participation motivation. A mixed design was employed, using a specially designed experimental device and a web-based questionnaire. Data analysis included 151 Estonian pupils in grades 3-9. Results indicated that mental engagement with smart devices occurred regardless of environment but differed by age and gender. Younger pupils were more environment-sensitive and boys registered more device-related thoughts overall. Association with participation motivation emerged only in the school context. Additionally, background variables related to device ownership, usage patterns, perceived academic impact and experimental device usability are discussed.