Reading the archaeological record through ancient biomolecules: preservation, disease landscapes, and human-microbe interactions in the past
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Arheoloogilisi säilmeid uuritakse sageli kui jälgi inimestest: nende luudest, hammastest, esemetest ja matmispaikadest. See väitekiri vaatleb aga üht teist osa minevikust, mis jääb tavaliselt nähtamatuks: mikroobe. Bakterid, viirused ning nende DNA ja valgud võivad arheoloogilistes materjalides säilida sajandeid või isegi aastatuhandeid, pakkudes uusi võimalusi tervise, haiguste, toitumise, keskkondade ning inimeste ja loomade vaheliste kontaktide uurimiseks.
Vana DNA ja vanade valkude analüüsi abil uurib see töö, kuidas erinevad materjalid säilitavad bioloogilist teavet. See näitab, et väärtuslikke jälgi minevikust võivad säilitada mitte ainult hambad ja luud, vaid ka sageli tähelepanuta jäetud materjalid, näiteks inimjäänustele kinnitunud mineraalsed konkretsioonid ja luude külge jäänud setted. Need materjalid võivad sisaldada inimese, mikroobide, loomade ja keskkonnaga seotud signaale ning võimaldavad mõnikord saada teavet, kahjustades samal ajal väärtuslikke arheoloogilisi säilmeid võimalikult vähe.
Väitekiri uurib ka seda, kuidas vana DNA võib aidata jälitada muistseid nakkushaigusi isegi siis, kui nende kohta puuduvad ajaloolised või skeletipõhised tõendid. Tänapäeva Belgias asuval Sint-Truideni keskaegsel kalmistul näitas mikroobne sõelumine mitme patogeeni olemasolu, sealhulgas katkubakteri Yersinia pestis esinemist, kuigi kirjalikud allikad ei maini sel ajal linnas katku. See näitab, kuidas molekulaarne tõendusmaterjal võib paljastada haigussündmusi, mis jätsid ajaloolistesse allikatesse vähe jälgi või ei jätnud neid üldse. Teine uurimus keskendub eelajaloolisele Euroopale, kus Yersinia pestis leiti koos zoonootilise bakteriga Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, osutades keerukatele suhetele inimeste, loomade ja mikroobide vahel minevikus.
Kokkuvõttes näitab see väitekiri, et kõik arheoloogilised säilmed võivad jutustada lugusid. Mikroobse arheoloogia kaudu uurituna võivad need säilitada varjatud bioloogilisi lugusid säilimise, nakkuste, keskkonna ning igapäevaste inimese ja mikroobi vaheliste suhete kohta. Ühendades arheoloogia, vana DNA ja vanad valgud, aitab see töö laiendada arheoloogilist teavet kaugemale sellest, mida on võimalik näha palja silmaga.
Archaeological remains are often studied as traces of people: their bones, teeth, objects, and burial places. This thesis looks at our past from another, invisible perspective: microbes. The DNA and proteins they leave behind can survive for centuries or even millennia in archaeological materials, offering new ways to study health, disease, environments, and human contact with animals. Using ancient DNA and ancient protein analysis, this work explores how different materials preserve biological information. It shows that not only teeth and bones, but also often overlooked materials such as mineral concretions attached to human remains and sediments stuck to bones, can preserve valuable traces of past life. These materials can contain human, microbial, animal, and environmental signals, sometimes allowing researchers to obtain information while reducing damage to precious archaeological remains. The thesis also investigates how ancient DNA can help trace ancient infectious diseases even without historical or skeletal evidence of it. In a medieval cemetery in Sint-Truiden, in present-day Belgium, microbial screening revealed evidence of several pathogens, including the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, even though written sources do not record plague in the city at that time. This shows how molecular evidence can reveal disease events that left little or no historical trace. Another study focuses on prehistoric Europe, where Yersinia pestis was found together with the zoonotic bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, pointing to complex relationships between humans, animals, and microbes in the past. Overall, this thesis shows that all the archaeological remains can tell tales. When studied through microbial archaeology, they can preserve hidden biological stories about preservation, infection, environment, and everyday human-microbe interactions. By combining archaeology, ancient DNA, and ancient proteins, this work helps expand the archaeological record beyond what can be seen with the naked eye.
Archaeological remains are often studied as traces of people: their bones, teeth, objects, and burial places. This thesis looks at our past from another, invisible perspective: microbes. The DNA and proteins they leave behind can survive for centuries or even millennia in archaeological materials, offering new ways to study health, disease, environments, and human contact with animals. Using ancient DNA and ancient protein analysis, this work explores how different materials preserve biological information. It shows that not only teeth and bones, but also often overlooked materials such as mineral concretions attached to human remains and sediments stuck to bones, can preserve valuable traces of past life. These materials can contain human, microbial, animal, and environmental signals, sometimes allowing researchers to obtain information while reducing damage to precious archaeological remains. The thesis also investigates how ancient DNA can help trace ancient infectious diseases even without historical or skeletal evidence of it. In a medieval cemetery in Sint-Truiden, in present-day Belgium, microbial screening revealed evidence of several pathogens, including the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, even though written sources do not record plague in the city at that time. This shows how molecular evidence can reveal disease events that left little or no historical trace. Another study focuses on prehistoric Europe, where Yersinia pestis was found together with the zoonotic bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, pointing to complex relationships between humans, animals, and microbes in the past. Overall, this thesis shows that all the archaeological remains can tell tales. When studied through microbial archaeology, they can preserve hidden biological stories about preservation, infection, environment, and everyday human-microbe interactions. By combining archaeology, ancient DNA, and ancient proteins, this work helps expand the archaeological record beyond what can be seen with the naked eye.
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