Metrological aspects of sampling and water/moisture determination on the example of lignin
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Ajakirja pealkiri
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
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Käesolev doktoritöö on pühendatud ligniini kvantitatiivse analüüsi usaldusväärsuse parandamisele, keskendudes qNMR põhisele koostise määramisele ning vee ja niiskusesisalduse määramisele. Töö käigus töötati välja ATR FTIR PLS R kalibreerimismudelitel põhinevad meetodid, mis võimaldavad vee ja niiskuse kiiret analüüsi.
Töö esimene osa käsitleb qNMR meetodite täpsust ligniini iseloomustamisel. Avaldatud uuringute kriitiline analüüs näitas, et täpsuse esitamisel esineb kirjanduses märkimisväärseid erinevusi ning mõõtesuurus ei ole sageli selgelt määratletud. Mõõtemääramatust hinnatakse harva terviklikult ning proovivõtust tulenev varieeruvus jäetakse sageli tähelepanuta. Selle lahendamiseks hinnati ligniini analüüsis proovivõtust tingitud määramatust. Tulemused näitasid, et alamproovidevaheline varieeruvus moodustab olulise osa qNMR mõõtmiste kogumääramatusest, mida tuleks tulemuse määramatuse juures alati arvestada.
Töö teine osa keskendub ligniini vee ja niiskusesisalduse määramisele. Kalibreerimisproovid valmistati erinevat päritolu ligniinidest. Veesisaldus määrati aurufaasilise kulonomeetrilise Karl Fischeri meetodiga, mida toetati vee eraldumise temperatuurist sõltuvuse modelleerimisega, et leida sobivad aurustamistemperatuurid. Niiskusesisaldus määrati gravimeetriliselt ahjus kuivatamise ja lüofiliseerimise teel. Nende tulemuste põhjal töötati välja kiire ja mittedestruktiivne ATR FTIR PLS R meetod nii niiskuse- kui ka veesisalduse määramiseks. Meetod nõuab väikest proovikogust ja minimaalset proovi ettevalmistust.
Kokkuvõttes rõhutab töö, et usaldusväärne kvantitatiivne analüüs eeldab mõõtesuuruse selget määratlemist ning proovivõtust tuleneva määramatuse arvestamist. Ligniini vee ja niiskusesisalduse määramiseks töötati välja lihtne ja kiire mittedestruktiivne ATR FTIR PLS R meetod.
This doctoral thesis is dedicated to improving the reliability of quantitative lignin analysis, focusing on qNMR-based compositional characterisation and on the determination of water and moisture content. During this work, methods based on ATR-FTIR-PLS-R calibration models were developed, enabling rapid analysis of water and moisture content. The first part of the thesis addresses the accuracy of qNMR methods in lignin characterisation. A critical analysis of published studies showed that there are significant inconsistencies in the reporting of accuracy, and the measurand is often not clearly defined. Measurement uncertainty is rarely assessed comprehensively, and variability arising from sampling is often neglected. To address this, sampling-related uncertainty in lignin analysis was evaluated. The results showed that variability between subsamples constitutes a significant part of the total uncertainty in qNMR measurements and should always be taken into account. The second part of the thesis focuses on the determination of water and moisture content in lignin. Calibration samples were prepared from lignins of different origins. Water content was determined using vapour-phase coulometric Karl Fischer titration, supported by modelling of temperature-dependent water release to identify suitable evaporation temperatures. Moisture content was determined gravimetrically using oven drying and lyophilisation. Based on these results, a rapid and non-destructive ATR-FTIR-PLS-R method was developed for determining both water and moisture content. The method requires a small sample amount and minimal sample preparation. In conclusion, the thesis emphasises that reliable quantitative analysis requires a clear definition of the measurand and consideration of sampling-related uncertainty. A simple and rapid non-destructive ATR-FTIR-PLS-R method was developed for determining water and moisture content in lignin
This doctoral thesis is dedicated to improving the reliability of quantitative lignin analysis, focusing on qNMR-based compositional characterisation and on the determination of water and moisture content. During this work, methods based on ATR-FTIR-PLS-R calibration models were developed, enabling rapid analysis of water and moisture content. The first part of the thesis addresses the accuracy of qNMR methods in lignin characterisation. A critical analysis of published studies showed that there are significant inconsistencies in the reporting of accuracy, and the measurand is often not clearly defined. Measurement uncertainty is rarely assessed comprehensively, and variability arising from sampling is often neglected. To address this, sampling-related uncertainty in lignin analysis was evaluated. The results showed that variability between subsamples constitutes a significant part of the total uncertainty in qNMR measurements and should always be taken into account. The second part of the thesis focuses on the determination of water and moisture content in lignin. Calibration samples were prepared from lignins of different origins. Water content was determined using vapour-phase coulometric Karl Fischer titration, supported by modelling of temperature-dependent water release to identify suitable evaporation temperatures. Moisture content was determined gravimetrically using oven drying and lyophilisation. Based on these results, a rapid and non-destructive ATR-FTIR-PLS-R method was developed for determining both water and moisture content. The method requires a small sample amount and minimal sample preparation. In conclusion, the thesis emphasises that reliable quantitative analysis requires a clear definition of the measurand and consideration of sampling-related uncertainty. A simple and rapid non-destructive ATR-FTIR-PLS-R method was developed for determining water and moisture content in lignin
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