Experimental contribution to contemporary ordinary language philosophy
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Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus
Abstrakt
20. sajandi keskel tuginesid tavakeele filosoofid, nagu J. L. Austin ja G. Ryle, oma intuitsioonile selle kohta, kuidas inimesed räägivad. Nad püüdsid kirjeldada, kuidas tavalisi väljendeid kasutatakse. Seda lähenemisviisi kritiseeriti, kuna tavalise kasutuse väited nõuavad intuitsioonist kaugemale ulatuvat kontrollimist. Eksperimentaalne filosoofia, mis tõusis esile 2000. aastate alguses, on saanud tavakeele filosoofia ideaalseks liitlaseks: tavakeele filosoofid, kes on varustatud mitmesuguste läbipaistvate ja korratavate eksperimentaalsete vahenditega, saavad nüüd selle kriitika ületada.
Dissertatsioon annab nelja artikliga panuse kaasaegse tavakeele filosoofia ja eksperimentaalse filosoofia ristumiskohta. Esimene artikkel leiab tõendeid, et meie teadmiste omistamine (väited nagu „Ma tean, et pank on homme avatud”) on panusest sõltuv. Teine artikkel väidab, et huvi tundlikkus ei ole rahva mõiste „valetamine” tunnusjoon. Me klassifitseerime väited valedeks sõltumata sellest, mis on kaalul. Kolmas artikkel uurib GPT-4 poolt internaliseeritud valetamise ja valelikkuse mõisteid ning võrdleb neid inimeste omadega. See leiab tugeva korrelatsiooni (seega paljudel juhtudel jagavad GPT ja inimesed ennustusi), kuid tuvastab ka süstemaatilisi lahknevusi. Neljandas artiklis uuritakse intervjuude abil eesti pejoratiivi eetilist profiili ja leitakse kiiduväärseid kasutusalasid ning potentsiaalseid kriitilisi märkusi nende kasutusalade kohta.
Dissertatsioon ei näita mitte ainult, kuidas kaasaegset tavakeele filosoofiat saab teha mitmesuguste meetoditega, vaid demonstreerib ka, et paljud filosoofilised arutelud võivad tegelikult tavakeele filosoofiast kasu saada. Need arutelud ulatuvad teadmise olemusest kuni tehisintellektini, mistõttu kaasaegse tavakeele filosoofia väljavaated on paljulubavad.
In the middle of the 20th century, ordinary language philosophers, such as J. L. Austin and G. Ryle, relied on their intuitions about how people speak. They tried to describe how ordinary expressions are used. This approach was criticised for ordinary use claims requiring verification that goes beyond one’s intuition. Experimental philosophy that rose in the early 2000s has become a perfect ally for ordinary language philosophy: ordinary language philosophers, equipped with a range of transparent and replicable experimental tools, can now overcome this critique. The dissertation contributes to the intersection of contemporary ordinary language philosophy and experimental philosophy with four articles. The first article finds evidence that our knowledge attributions (claims like ‘I know that the Bank is open tomorrow’) are stake-sensitive. The second article argues that stake-sensitivity is not a feature of the folk concept of lying. We classify statements as lies no matter what is at stake. The third article explores the concepts of lying and falsity internalised by GPT-4 and compares them with those of humans. It finds a strong correlation (so, in many cases, GPT and humans share predictions) but also identifies systematic misalignments. The fourth article looks at the ethical profile of a pejorative via interviews and finds laudable uses and potential critiques these uses are subject to. The dissertation not only showcases how contemporary ordinary language philosophy might be done with a variety of methods, but also demonstrates that many debates within philosophy can, in fact, benefit from ordinary language philosophy. These debates range from the nature of knowledge to AI, so the prospects of contemporary ordinary language philosophy are bright.
In the middle of the 20th century, ordinary language philosophers, such as J. L. Austin and G. Ryle, relied on their intuitions about how people speak. They tried to describe how ordinary expressions are used. This approach was criticised for ordinary use claims requiring verification that goes beyond one’s intuition. Experimental philosophy that rose in the early 2000s has become a perfect ally for ordinary language philosophy: ordinary language philosophers, equipped with a range of transparent and replicable experimental tools, can now overcome this critique. The dissertation contributes to the intersection of contemporary ordinary language philosophy and experimental philosophy with four articles. The first article finds evidence that our knowledge attributions (claims like ‘I know that the Bank is open tomorrow’) are stake-sensitive. The second article argues that stake-sensitivity is not a feature of the folk concept of lying. We classify statements as lies no matter what is at stake. The third article explores the concepts of lying and falsity internalised by GPT-4 and compares them with those of humans. It finds a strong correlation (so, in many cases, GPT and humans share predictions) but also identifies systematic misalignments. The fourth article looks at the ethical profile of a pejorative via interviews and finds laudable uses and potential critiques these uses are subject to. The dissertation not only showcases how contemporary ordinary language philosophy might be done with a variety of methods, but also demonstrates that many debates within philosophy can, in fact, benefit from ordinary language philosophy. These debates range from the nature of knowledge to AI, so the prospects of contemporary ordinary language philosophy are bright.
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