In situ STM of specific adsorption and electrical double layer structure at sp-metal single crystal electrodes
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Abstrakt
Elektrokeemilised energia salvestamise ja muundamise seadmed on olulised jätkusuutliku energiamajanduse arendamisel. Nendes seadmetes toimuvad olulised protsessid elektroodi ja elektrolüüdi piirpinnal, kus moodustub elektriline kaksikkiht ja salvestub laeng. Tõhusamate elektrokeemiliste seadmete arendamiseks on oluline mõista selle piirpinna struktuuri molekulaarsel tasandil.
Toatemperatuursed ioonsed vedelikud on pälvinud tähelepanu võimalike energiasalvestuse elektrolüütidena tänu nende madalale aururõhule ja laiale elektrokeemilise stabiilsuse aknale. Nende piirpinna omadused erinevad märgatavalt lahjade vesilahuste ja orgaaniliste elektrolüütide omadustest. Samuti on vähe teada ioonide ja orgaaniliste molekulide spetsiifilisest adsorptsioonist ning elektroodi kristallograafilise tahu rollist.
Doktoritöös uuriti elektrilise kaksikkihi struktuuri ning ioonide ja molekulide spetsiifilist adsorptsiooni vismuti (Bi(hkl)) ja antimoni (Sb(111)) monokristallsetel elektroodidel vesilahustes ja ioonsetes vedelikes. Piirpinna struktuuri uuriti peamiselt in situ skaneeriva tunnelmikroskoopia (STM) abil, mida täiendasid tsükliline voltammeetria ja elektrokeemiline impedantsspektroskoopia. Video-STM võimaldas jälgida piirpinna struktuurimuutusi reaalajas. Tulemused näitasid, et aniooni iseloom määrab tugevalt adsorbeerunud kihi struktuuri ning jodiidi spetsiifiline adsorptsioon põhjustab vismuti pindade potentsiaalist sõltuvat ümberstruktureerumist. Sb(111) pinnal moodustas 4,4′-bipüridiin stabiilse ja korrastatud monokihi, samas kui 2,2′-bipüridiini puhul korrastunud kihti ei tekkinud. Tulemused näitavad, kuidas elektroodi kristallograafilised ja elektroonilised omadused koos elektrolüüdi koostisega määravad elektrilise kaksikkihi struktuuri ja dünaamika.
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are important for the development of a sustainable energy economy. In these devices, key processes take place at the electrode–electrolyte interface, where the electrical double layer forms and charge is stored. A molecular-level understanding of this interface is therefore essential for the development of more efficient electrochemical devices. Room-temperature ionic liquids have attracted attention as potential energy-storage electrolytes because of their negligible vapour pressure and wide electrochemical stability window. Their interfacial properties differ substantially from those of dilute aqueous and organic electrolytes. In particular, the specific adsorption of ions and organic molecules and the role of the electrode crystallographic plane remain insufficiently understood. This thesis investigates the structure of the electrical double layer and the specific adsorption of ions and molecules at bismuth (Bi(hkl)) and antimony (Sb(111)) single-crystal electrodes in aqueous and ionic-liquid media. The interfacial structure was studied primarily by in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), complemented by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Video-STM enabled structural changes at the interface to be followed in real time. The results show that anion identity strongly determines the structure of the adsorbed layer and that specific iodide adsorption drives potential-dependent restructuring of the bismuth surfaces. At Sb(111), 4,4′-bipyridine formed a stable and ordered monolayer, whereas no ordered layer was observed for 2,2′-bipyridine. Overall, the results demonstrate how the crystallographic and electronic properties of the electrode, together with electrolyte composition, govern the structure and dynamics of the electrical double layer.
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are important for the development of a sustainable energy economy. In these devices, key processes take place at the electrode–electrolyte interface, where the electrical double layer forms and charge is stored. A molecular-level understanding of this interface is therefore essential for the development of more efficient electrochemical devices. Room-temperature ionic liquids have attracted attention as potential energy-storage electrolytes because of their negligible vapour pressure and wide electrochemical stability window. Their interfacial properties differ substantially from those of dilute aqueous and organic electrolytes. In particular, the specific adsorption of ions and organic molecules and the role of the electrode crystallographic plane remain insufficiently understood. This thesis investigates the structure of the electrical double layer and the specific adsorption of ions and molecules at bismuth (Bi(hkl)) and antimony (Sb(111)) single-crystal electrodes in aqueous and ionic-liquid media. The interfacial structure was studied primarily by in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), complemented by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Video-STM enabled structural changes at the interface to be followed in real time. The results show that anion identity strongly determines the structure of the adsorbed layer and that specific iodide adsorption drives potential-dependent restructuring of the bismuth surfaces. At Sb(111), 4,4′-bipyridine formed a stable and ordered monolayer, whereas no ordered layer was observed for 2,2′-bipyridine. Overall, the results demonstrate how the crystallographic and electronic properties of the electrode, together with electrolyte composition, govern the structure and dynamics of the electrical double layer.
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