Sirvi Autor "Pulver, Aleksander" järgi

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Association of Impulsivity With Food, Nutrients, and Fitness in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study
(2022) Matrov, Denis; Kurrikoff, Triin; Villa, Inga; Sakala, Katre; Pulver, Aleksander; Veidebaum, Toomas; Shimmo, Ruth; Harro, Jaanus
Background: Impulsivity is a psychiatric vulnerability factor strongly associated with substance abuse but also with unhealthy diet. Whether these associations extend to specific nutrients is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the longitudinal association between diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, and 2 impulsivity dimensions in a representative sample of south Estonian adolescents and young adults. Impulsivity and dietary intake were measured 3 times in 2 birth cohorts at regular intervals in individuals aged 15 to 33 years. Methods: The sample included 2 birth cohorts of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. The analytic sample size consisted of 2883 observations (56.4% females). The primary outcomes were adaptive and maladaptive impulsivity scores measured by an original 24-item Likert-type questionnaire. Impulsivity scores were predicted from the food diaries data converted into nutrient categories. A linear mixed-effects approach was used to model the time dependence between observations. Results: Lower maladaptive impulsivity was associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (β = −.07; 95% CI = −0.12; −0.03). Higher maladaptive impulsivity was associated with lower dietary intake of zinc (β = −.10; −0.15; −0.06) and vegetables (β = −.04; −0.07; −0.01) and higher intake of sodium (β = .06; 0.02; 0.10). Vitamin B6 was positively associated with adaptive impulsivity (β = .04; 0.01; 0.07). Additionally, some of the adjusted models showed significant but weak associations with selenium, alcohol, fish, and cereal products. Conclusions: Food choice may affect the neurochemistry and therefore regulate the manifestations of impulsivity. We identified associations between several (micro)nutrients and maladaptive impulsivity.
Association of orexin/hypocretin receptor gene (HCRTR1) with reward sensitivity, and interaction with gender
(Elsevier, 2020) Pulver, Aleksander; Kiive, Evelyn; Harro, Jaanus; Kanarik, Margus
Orexins/hypocretins maintain wakefulness, increase appetite and participate in the coordination of stress response. We have recently provided evidence on the role of orexins in aggression, showing the association of the HCRTR1 genotype. (rs2271933 G > A; leading to amino acid substitution Ile408Val) with aggressiveness or breach of law in four independent cohorts. Aggressive behaviour can be reward driven and hence we have examined the association of HCRTR1 rs2271933 genotype with different aspects of reward sensitivity in the birth cohort representative Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. HCRTR1 genotype was associated with reward sensitivity in a gender dependent manner. Male HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes had higher Openness to Rewards and the overall reward sensitivity score while, in contrast, female A/A homozygotes scored lower than G-allele carriers in Openness to Rewards. In the total sample, aggressiveness correlated positively with reward sensitivity, but this was on account of Insatiability by Reward. In contrast, the HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes had a positive association of aggressiveness and Openness to Rewards. Experience of stressful life events had a small but significant increasing effect on both aspects of reward sensitivity, and correlated in an anomalous way with reward sensitivity in the HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes. Conclusively, the higher aggressiveness of HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes appears based on a qualitative difference in sensitivity to rewards, in the form that suggests their lower ability to prevent responses to challenges being converted into overt aggression.
Measurement of elementary movement vectors in human visual system
(Tartu : Tartu University Press, 1995) Pulver, Aleksander
Muukeelne laps Eesti koolis
(Tallinna Ülikool, 2012) Pulver, Aleksander; Toomela, Aaro
Eesti Vabariigi Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium toetas aastatel 2009-2011 läbi viidud muukeelsete laste arengu uuringut Eesti põhikoolis. Uuringute eesmärgiks oli eestikeelses koolis õppivate mitteeestikeelsete laste arengut ja toimetulekut puudutavate küsimuste vastamine. Uuringute tulemusena saadi teaduspõhist informatsiooni põhjendatud otsuste tegemiseks erineval tasemel—alates riigi tasemel tehtavatest hariduspoliitilistest otsustest kuni õpilase tasemel tehtavate otsusteni. Käesolevas lõpparuandes kirjeldatakse uuringute tulemusi ja esitatakse vastused lepingus ettenähtud küsimustele.
Muukeelne laps Eesti koolis: Jätkuuuring. LÕPPARUANNE
(Tallinna Ülikool, 2014) Pulver, Aleksander; Toomela, Aaro
Aruanne kajastab HTMI tellimusel 2012-2014 läbiviidud projekti, mis uuris muukeelste laste arengut Eesti põhikoolis. See projekt oli omakorda jätkuprojektiks 2009-2011 läbiviidud projektile. Uuringusse kaasati projekti eelnevas faasis osalenud eesti õppekeelega koolid (kokku 10), osalesid kõik 6. klasside õpilased (andmete kogumine 2012 ja 2013). Otsiti vastuseid uurimisküsimustele, mis puudutasid taustategurite mõju õpilase akadeemilisele edasijõudmisele ja sotsiaalsele kohanemisele, võrreldi akadeemilist edasijõudmist, eesti keele oskuse arengut ja emakeele osakuse arengut, erinevate emakeelega õpilaste sotsiaalseid suhteid ja enesehinnangut. Projekti tulemusena leiti nii neile küsimustele detailsed vastused kui ka sõnastati hariduspoliitilsied soovitused.
Õpetajate hinnangud aktiivõppemeetodite kasutamisele digivahendite abil õppetöös ja seda soodustavad ja takistavad tegurid (ühe Eesti kutsehariduskeskuse näitel)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Pulver, Aleksander; Kalk, Karmen, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Haridusteaduste instituut
Reward sensitivity, affective neuroscience personality, symptoms of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and TPH2-703G/T (rs4570625) genotype
(Cambridge University Press, 2020) Pulver, Aleksander; Kiive, Evelyn; Harro, Jaanus
Objective: Reward sensitivity is an increasingly used construct in psychiatry, yet its possible inner structure and relationship with other affective variables are not well known. Methods: A reward sensitivity measurement scale was constructed on the basis of large item pool collected from birth cohort representative samples (the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study; original n = 1238). Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and the Adult Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were administered in young adulthood. A variant (rs4570625) of the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) that is responsible for the synthesis of central serotonin was genotyped. Results: Reward sensitivity consisted of two orthogonal components, operationally defined as Openness to Rewards and Insatiability by Reward, that respectively characterise the striving towards multiple rewards and the strong pursuit and fixation to a particular reward. While SEEKING and PLAY (and to lower extent CARE) of the ANPS co-varied with Openness to Rewards, FEAR, SADNESS, and ANGER were related to Insatiability by Reward. The total score of ASRS was moderately correlated with Insatiability by Reward, while the association with Openness to Rewards was negligible. However, ASRS Inattention had some negative relationship with the Social Experience facet of Openness to Rewards. The T/T homozygotes for the TPH2 promoter polymorphism had lower Insatiability by Reward but not Openness to Rewards. Conclusions: Behaviours sensitive to rewards are separable to the components of variability and fixation, and these components are differentially related to affective aspects of personality, attention, and hyperactivity as well as to TPH2 genotype.
The role of reward sensitivity in obesity and its association with Transcription Factor AP2B: a longitudinal birth cohort study
(Elsevier, 2020) Katus, Urmeli; Villa, Inga; Ringmets, Inge; Pulver, Aleksander; Veidebaum, Toomas; Harro, Jaanus
Objective One factor potentially contributing to obesity is reward sensitivity. We investigated the association between reward sensitivity and measures of obesity from 9–33 years of age, paying attention to the inner structure of reward sensitivity. Methods The sample included both birth cohorts (originally n = 1176) of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. The association between reward sensitivity and measures of obesity was assessed using mixed-effects regression models. Associations at ages 9 (younger cohort only), 15, 18, 25 and 33 (older cohort) years were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The indirect effect of the gene encoding transcription factor 2 beta (TFAP2B) on obesity through reward sensitivity was tested using mediation analysis. Results According to linear mixed effects regression models, an increase in scores of Insatiability by Reward and both of its components, Excessive Spending and Giving in to Cravings, significantly increased body weight, body mass index, sum of five skinfolds, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio from 15 to 25 years of age. Findings were similar at age 9 and 33 years. In contrast, no association between obesity and Openness to Rewards or its facets was observed. The TFAP2B genotype was also associated with fixation to rewards in females, but not with striving towards reward multiplicity. Conclusion Our results suggest that reward sensitivity is associated with obesity by its reward fixation component. The heterogeneity of the reward sensitivity construct should be taken into account in studies on body composition.