Sirvi Kuupäev , alustades "2012-03-14" järgi

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Agressiivsuse eri liike mõõtva küsimustiku väljatöötamine ja nende liikide ning õpilase keskmise hinde seoste uuring
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Pihl, Tuuli-Maarja; Luuk, Aavo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire that measures and distinguishes different types of aggressiveness. The original questionnaire consisted of 64 statements, to which a sample of 445 students answered. By the method of exploratory factor analysis three factors were found and named after their content as physical, verbal and revengeful aggressiveness. The final factorial design consisted of 21 statements divided into 3 factors. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for measuring internal consistency of the factors. Thereafter, a correlative analysis was conducted to study the strength of relation between different types of aggression and secondary school students' average grades. The study found a weak negative correlation (r= @0,28, p<0,01) between physical aggressiveness and student's average grade. Keywords: Aggressive behaviour, average grade
Uudistav käitumine ja glutamaadi tase juttkehas
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Luik, Anna-Liisa; Harro, Jaanus, juhendaja; Raudkivi, Karita, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
Individual differences in exploratory behavior are influenced by vulnerability to stress and reflect physiological and behavioral differences related to mood disorders. In the present study rats with stable differences in exploratory behavior, either high (HE) or low (LE) were differentiated by using the exploration box test. Previously the same model has been used to show that HE rats do not differ from LE rats in baseline glutamate, but have a proportionally higher increase in striatal extracellular glutamate from baseline glutamate after glutamate transporter inhibition with with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) (Koolmeister, 2011). These experiments were performed on middle-aged (9 to 12 months old) rats. The aim of our study was to examine whether there are any differences between younger (3 months old) HE and LE rats in striatal glutamate levels. Using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC we measured striatal glutamate concentration before, during and after perfusion with a physiological solution containing PDC (4mM). We found no significant differences in baseline glutamate between HE and LE rats, there were no between-group differences in the concentration changes compared to baseline glutamate in dialysate glutamate after perfusion with PDC, but compared to LE rats, HE rats had proportionally higher increase in striatal glutamate from baseline glutamate after perfusion with PDC (p=0,0022). This means that although no differences in glutamate turnover in rats with different exploratory levels were found, HE rats are more sensitive to changes in glutamate circulation.
Vastamissituatsiooni ja küsimustike järjekorra mõjud sotsiaalse soovitavuse küsimustiku SDS-17 tulemustele
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Ool, Mirjam; Luuk, Aavo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The study investigated how social desirability score is influenced by the situation in which the questionnaire was answered and which questionnaire was answered first. To measure and to reduce social desirability responding the SDS-17 scale was presented in accordance with the double-rating method. This method involved a pre-test, in which respondents answered to the questionnaire the way they think others would answer and after that filled in the identical self-report form. The research method consists in comparing the social desirability scale results in an application competition condition and in a neutral re-test situation. The results showed that the applicants had higher social desirability rate in competition condition compared to neutral situation, but the pre-test did not have any statistically significant influence on the self-report results. It is supposed that former responding to the social desirability questionnaire might still have an influence to the later responses to the personality questionnaire. Keywords: social desirability, SDS-17, double-rating method, personnel selection
Kutse- ja tavakoolide õpilaste õpihoiakute erinevused
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Raigo, Kadri; Must, Olev, juhendaja; Täht, Karin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
In this paper I studied general self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, general self-esteem, and academic self-esteem in high schools and vocational schools. I also studied the correlations between school grades and previously mentioned constucts. The sample comprised 263 students – 100 vocational school students and 163 high school students. I found that the vocational school students have significaly (t (257) = 3.97, p <.001) higher academic self-efficacy (M = 2.75, SD = 0.56) than high-school students (M = 2.46, SD = 0.57). This effect can be explained through the big-fish-little-pond effect (Marsh and Hau, 2003), which describes that academic self-concept of students is negatively correlated with the ability of their peers in school. Students in vocational schools also have higher academic self-evaluations (M = 2.37, SD = 0.68; comparing to high schools M = 2.05, SD = 0.80; t (256) = 3.28, p <.001). Statistically significant differences in general self-esteem and general self-efficacy between two groups were not found. This study shows significant correlations between the constructs and school grades.
Vanemate atributsioonid: nende seosed laste akadeemilise enesetaju, huvi ning matemaatikaalase sooritusega
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Peitel, Triin; Mägi, Katrin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The present study investigated the causes to which parents attribute their children’s success or failure in math and also how parents’ attributions are associated with their child’s academic self-concept, interest and academic performance in math in Grade 2. 870 children and 1015 parents (660 mothers and 355 fathers) participated. The parents completed a questionnaire concerning their causal attributions for children’s success or failure and the children completed questionnaires about their academic self-concept and interest in mathematics. In addition, the children’s math performance was tested. The results showed that attributing child’s success to ability by both parents associated with the child’s academic self-concept, interest and academic performance. Interestingly, all the relations were evident only in the case of boys (and not girls). In addition, academic self-concept and interest were positively related and both were in turn positively related to academic performance. Keywords: parental attributions, academic self-concept, interest, academic performance, primary school
Tiigi efekt riikide tasandil Eesti ja naaberriikide näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Kutsar, Grete; Täht, Karin, juhendaja; Must, Olev, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The current study investigates the appearance of the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) on a country-level by taking into account student data from Estonia, Finland, Sweden, the Russian Federation and Latvia. The main question of this study is if the BFLPE appears on the country-level in the same way it appears on a school-level. The study used student data from the PISA test administered in 2006. The data was processed using the computer program SPSS 15.0. The effect of academic achievement on students’ self-efficacy was studied using regressioon analysis. The results show that data corresponding to the the BFLPE only appears in countries with a higher student average achievement. The appearance of the BFLPE on a country-level cannot be confirmed on the basis of this study. This study shows that investigating the BFLPE with the PISA data it is important to take into account the multilevel structure of the data. Keywords: Big-fish-little-pond effect, Self-efficacy, Academic Achievement
Tartu Ülikooli bakalaureuseastme üliõpilaste akadeemilise motivatsiooni võrdlus kahe teaduskonna näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Mägi, Mari-Liis; Must, Olev, juhendaja; Täht, Karin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The overall aim of this Seminari paper was to study the differences of motivation between the students of the Faculty of Philosophy and the Faculty of Science and Technology – both of which are under the University of Tartu. Amongst other factors, I measured the differences regarding the sex of the student. I also aimed to adapt the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS-C 28) College (CEGEP) Version (AMS) into Estonian, and by doing that, I was able to apply the scale to the current research project. The respectful questionnaire was presented to the students via the Internet (TÜPH media of research). I used the SPSS program for my data analysis. The results showed that students from the Faculty of Philosophy have a higher inner motivation (p=0.014; p<0.05), but a lower outer motivation (p=0.031; p<0.05) in academic achievements compared to the students in the Faculty of Science and Technology. The results also showed that women tend to have a higher inner motivation (p=0.20; p< 0.05) as well as a higher outer motivation (p=0.002; p<0.05) in academic achievements. Data analysis showed, that the internal consistency of the AMS was high (corrected Cronbach’s α=0.820).
Varased rahvuslikku iseloomu käsitlevad eestikeelsed psühholoogia-alased kirjutised
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Pullerits, Marie; Tulviste, Peeter, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The aim of the current seminar paper was to explore the views of early Estonian writings from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century in the field of psychology concerning national character and to find out the possible sources of these beliefs. Thereby one of the aims of this paper was also to characterize the Estonian population’s scientific understanding of psychology related to the collective character phenomenon. The seminar paper is primarily descriptive and explanatory, using as its method the qualitative content analysis of writings. The analyzed writings comprised the period of 1880-1917 and for identifying sources the research relied on an earlier seminar paper by Terje Kurismann (Kurismann, 2007). The analysis revealed that in the studied period beliefs of the national character as a collective characteristic of a cultural-ethnic group that can be affected by all in-group individuals were quite far-spread. The collective self-image of Estonians was mainly negative, although some positive features that remained clearly outnumbered were also presented. Taking into consideration the socio-historical context on the analysis of writings, it can be concluded that the attitudes were quite strongly influenced by political and social issues, socio-cultural context, value judgements and also by the development of science. The latter may have affected public understandings of the ethnic character as a collective social-psychological construction towards the rejection of former stereotypes.
Proportsioonide eristamise täpsuse sõltuvus diferentseeriva tunnuse tüübist ja eristatavate elementide arvust
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Kurjama, Kristin; Raidvee, Aire, juhendaja; Allik, Jüri, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The aim of this study was to examine observers’ ability to discriminate numerical proportions depending on the number and attributes of the elements. Observers’ task was to decide which one of the two overlapping sets of elements, distinguished by colour or orientation, was more numerous. Bernoulli response model (based on hypergeometrical distribution) with a single free parameter K (the supposed number of inspected elements on which the choice was made) was applied to describe the choice probabilities. According to the Bernoulli model, these K elements are chosen randomly, their number limited by perceptual capacity. With the growth of the total number of displayed elements N = 9, 13, 33, 65, the number of accounted elements increased disproportionately, with colour being a stronger discriminating feature than orientation. It is concluded that the Bernoulli model is an alternative for the habitual Thurstonian-type model for examining observers’ ability to discriminate proportions.
Käelisuse seosed muusikastiilide eelistusega
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Mitt, Gunnar; Rauk, Marika, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The aim of the study was to establish whether music preferences of mixed-handers differ from those of right-handers and whether strong right-handedness is associated with preference of more popular music styles and mixed-handedness with preference of less popular music styles. Two questionnaires were constructed: one, consisting of 13 questions, for establishing the handedness, and another, consisting of 32 names of music genres, for determining the music preferences of participants. Inventories were administered to a sample of 311 participants (239 female, 72 male) aged between 16 and 45 years. The results indicated that music preferences of strong right-handers do not differ from music preferences of mixed-handers; they also show that strong righthandedness is not associated with preferring more popular styles and mixedhandedness is not associated with preferring less popular styles. It also turned out that mixed-handers are not better informed about different music styles included in the list. Keywords: handedness, individual differences, interhemispheric interaction, music preferences
Soolised ja vanuselised erinevused vihatunnetes, viha kontrollis ja selle väljendamises
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Nurmsalu, Marelle; Luuk, Aavo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The aim of this study was to investigate how men and women differ from having and expressing their angry feelings, controlling their angry feelings and to discover what are the differences in anger between age groups. A two-part questionnaire was used, where one part measures state anger and the other trait anger (more precisely, frequency of anger episodes). Participants (N= 466) at the age between 11-44 years rated their angry feelings, anger expression and anger control on a five-point Likert scale. As hypotesized, men have more angry feelings and angry expression. Women have higher control over angry feelings. Younger respondents had more angry feelings. Older people had better ability to control their angry feelings. These results are important because they demonstrate statistical relationship between angry feelings, gender and age groups.
Vaenulikkust hindava küsimustiku katsetamine ja kontrollimine
(Tartu Ülikool, 2012-03-14) Naaber, Martti; Luuk, Aavo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Psühholoogia instituut
The current seminar paper describes the psychometric properties of a new measure of hostility and reports on the measurement of hostility of people in different age groups. The sample consisted of 467 participants (mean age = 17.4, SD = 5.46) most of whom were schoolchildren. The self-report measure which consists of 18 items was therefore carried out in various schools in Estonia. Factor analysis extracted two factors, distrust and active negativne attidude towards others, which are the two subclasses of hostility. The results indicate that the scale has relatively high internal consistency reliability (α = .88) and acceptable test-retest reliability (r = .71). No gender differences were found in the sample, but the results revealed that with the increase in age there is a decrease in the level of hostility. Although the scale is reliable and it is easy to administer, it may still need some work to improve its construct validity. Key words: Hostility, distrust, active negative attitude towards others