CIPHR - ERA Chair for Computational Imaging and Processing in High Resolution

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttps://hdl.handle.net/10062/91302

In the project, the Centre of Photonics and Computational Imaging is established at the UT. The combined application of photonics and computationally intensive data processing allows to enhance the image quality, resolution or add spatial dimension to the image beyond the physical or technical limits of the imaging system. By nature, the research is interdisciplinary and embraces the extensive competence of the University of Tartu in optics, spectroscopy, mathematics, computer science and their applications.

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Nüüd näidatakse 1 - 20 79

Functional Textile Socks in Rheumatoid Arthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study
(2025) Reisberg, Kirkke; Hõrrak, Kristiine; Tamm, Aile; Kõrver, Margarita; Animägi, Liina; Visnapuu, Jonete
There is limited knowledge about the benefits of functional textile in arthritis management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of wearing functional socks in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Patients were randomized into an experimental group (n = 23) and control group (n = 18). The intervention involved wearing functional textile socks for 12 weeks. Sock composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Outcome measures included the Numeric Rating Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and RAND-36 (Estonian version). At week 12, the experimental group showed significantly lower metatarsophalangeal and toe joint pain (p = 0.001), stiffness (p = 0.005), and ankle stiffness (p = 0.017) scores than the control group. Improvements were also observed in HAQ-DI reaching (p = 0.035) and activity (p = 0.028) scores. RAND-36 scores were higher in physical functioning (p = 0.013), social functioning (p = 0.024), and bodily pain (p = 0.006). Role limitations due to physical problems improved in the experimental group but worsened in the control group (p = 0.029). In conclusion, wearing functional socks led to some statistically significant improvements in foot and ankle pain and stiffness, physical function, and health-related quality of life. However, the effect sizes were small, and the clinical relevance of these findings should be interpreted with caution.
Generating high-harmonic array beams
(2025) Reddy, Andra Naresh Kumar; Zacharias, Helmut; Yılmaz, Hasan; Kim, Vyacheslav V.; Kӓrcher, Victor; Anand, Vijayakumar; Ganeev, Rashid A.
The demand for spatially structured ultrashort beams at shorter wavelengths is high, and their adaptability in potential applications such as imaging, metrology, and attosecond science is undeniable. In this work, we present the generation of high-harmonic array beams. We utilize ultrashort structured array beams in the near-infrared wavelength as the pump source to reliably generate extreme-ultraviolet array beams at the tenth harmonic of the pump wavelength. The pump array beams showed shape-invariant free space propagation and exhibited a self-healing ability against adverse spatial effects introduced by aberrations. Moreover, we found that the spatial profile of these array beams remained unchanged for any polarization state, a unique feature that enhances their versatility. The interaction of shape-invariant array beams with an argon gas jet in a two-color pump configuration generated high harmonics consisting of both weak odd and even orders, a suppression of odd harmonics from the 13th to the 17th order when driven by two-color laser fields, but a strong 10th order harmonic appeared in the extreme-ultraviolet. This 10th harmonic unveiled a spatial distribution, including a unique string structure that is a hallmark of array beams. This extreme nonlinear optical process of structured high-harmonic generation is a significant advancement that offers a new degree of freedom for generating diverse structured harmonics in extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray regimes.
Si-Cr Nano-Alloys Fabricated by Direct Femtosecond Laser Writing
(2023) Maksimovic, Jovan; Mu, Haoran; Han, Molong; Smith, Daniel; Katkus, Tomas; Anand, Vijayakumar; Nishijima, Yoshiaki; Ng, Soon Hock; Juodkazis, Saulius
Ultra-short 230 fs laser pulses of 515 nm wavelength were tightly focused into 700 nm focal spots and utilised in opening ∼400 nm nano-holes in a Cr etch mask that was tens-of-nm thick. The ablation threshold was found to be 2.3 nJ/pulse, double that of plain silicon. Nano-holes irradiated with pulse energies below this threshold produced nano-disks, while higher energies produced nano-rings. Both these structures were not removed by either Cr or Si etch solutions. Subtle sub-1 nJ pulse energy control was harnessed to pattern large surface areas with controlled nano-alloying of Si and Cr. This work demonstrates vacuum-free large area patterning of nanolayers by alloying them at distinct locations with sub-diffraction resolution. Such metal masks with nano-hole opening can be used for formation of random patterns of nano-needles with sub-100 nm separation when applied to dry etching of Si.
Digital refocusing of images recorded with white light using Lucy-Richardson-Rosen algorithm
(2022) Praveen, P. A.; Bleahu, Andrei; Arockiaraj, F. G.; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Smith, Daniel; Ng, Soon Hock; Simon, Aravind; Juodkazis, Saulius; Anand, Vijayakumar
Lens-based imaging is one of the widely used scientific methods to record optical information. As long as the imaging conditions are satisfied, this method can be used to image an object faithfully. However, beyond the limit of the depth of focus of the optical element, the collected image appears blurred. Though shifting the location of the optical element or the sensor offers a solution to the above problem, it is not suitable for recording dynamic events. There are different deconvolution methods available for digital refocusing of blurred images. Recently, a new reconstruction method called Lucy-Richardson-Rosen algorithm (LR2A) was developed for deconvolution based 2D and 3D incoherent imaging applications. In the present work, we have demonstrated LR2A on blurred images recorded using white light for the first time. A simple, commonly available refractive lens along with an incoherent white light source was used to record the point spread functions (PSF) at different depths. Then, the object information in the corresponding planes were also recorded. Finally, the PSF library was used to digitally refocus the object information. The results were compared with standard algorithms such as Lucy-Richardson and nonlinear reconstruction methods. In all the cases, LR2A exhibited a superior performance.
Light origami multi-beam interference digital holographic microscope for live cell imaging
(2024) Kumar, Manoj; Yoneda, Naru; Pensia, Lavlesh; Muniraj, Inbarasan; Anand, Vijayakumar; Kumar, Raj; Murata, Takashi; Awatsuji, Yasuhiro; Matoba, Osamu
In the field of scientific, industrial, and biological research, digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has established itself as a potential optical instrument due to its three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities and non-destructive nature. Like any imaging system, the field-of-view (FoV) of DHM is constrained by the image sensor's finite size. To address this challenge, in the present study, we propose the Light Origami Multi-Beam Interference (LOMBI)-DHM technique for live cell imaging that leverages single-shot acquisition and double FoV. The concept of the proposed study to extend the FoV is based on the optical spatial multiplexing of two distinct regions of the object beam by introducing a cube beam splitter in the path of the object beam. The beam splitter is angled so that it produces two object beams with different object information that are propagating in the same direction and collected within the area of the image sensor. The image sensor records a multiplexed digital hologram in a single-shot as a result of the interference of three beams: two object beams with different FoVs and one reference beam. The two distinct imaging regions corresponding to the two recorded FoVs, can be simultaneously retrieved during the reconstruction process. The experimental results of imaging different areas of a standard resolution target, microlens array, and living plant cells, are shown to demonstrate the capability of the proposed single-shot off-axis double FoV LOMBI-DHM. Furthermore, we dynamically monitor the time-lapse live-cell imaging of tobacco plant cells by the proposed system.
Spatial Ensemble Mapping for Coded Aperture Imaging—A Tutorial
(2024) Joshi, Narmada; Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Tiwari, Vipin; Anand, Vijayakumar
Coded aperture imaging (CAI) is a well-established computational imaging technique consisting of two steps, namely the optical recording of an object using a coded mask, followed by a computational reconstruction using a computational algorithm using a pre-recorded point spread function (PSF). In this tutorial, we introduce a simple yet elegant technique called spatial ensemble mapping (SEM) for CAI that allows us to tune the axial resolution post-recording from a single camera shot recorded using an image sensor. The theory, simulation studies, and proof-of-concept experimental studies of SEM-CAI are presented. We believe that the developed approach will benefit microscopy, holography, and smartphone imaging systems.
Coded Aperture Imaging using Non-Linear Lucy-Richardson Algorithm
(2025) Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Kahro, Tauno; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Tiwari, Vipin; Smith, Daniel; Kasikov, Aarne; Piirsoo, Helle-Mai; Ng, Soon Hock; Rajeswary, Aravind Simon John Francis; Vongsvivut, Jitraporn; Tamm, Aile; Kukli, Kaupo; Juodkazis, Saulius; Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Imaging involves the process of recording and reproducing images as close to reality as possible, encompassing both direct and indirect approaches. In direct imaging, the object is directly recorded. Coded aperture imaging (CAI) is an example of indirect imaging, that utilizes optical recording and computational reconstruction to obtain information about an object. Computational reconstruction can be achieved using different linear, non-linear, iterative, and deep learning algorithms. In this study, we proposed and demonstrated two computational reconstruction algorithms based on the non-linear Lucy-Richardson algorithm (NL-LRA), one for limited support images and another for full-view images based on entropy reduction. The efficacy of these algorithms has been validated through simulations and optical experiments carried out in visible and infrared (IR) light with different coded phase masks. The methods were also tested on a commercial IR microscope with internal Globar™ and synchrotron sources. The results obtained from the two algorithms were compared with those from their parent methods, and a notable improvement in both entropy and the convergence rate was observed. We believe the developed algorithms will drastically improve image reconstruction in incoherent imaging applications
Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography for five-dimensional imaging of 3D space, spectrum and polarization
(2025) Joshi, Narmada; Tiwari, Vipin; Kahro, Tauno; Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Tahara, Tatsuki; Kasikov, Aarne; Kukli, Kaupo; Juodkazis, Saulius; Tamm, Aile; Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is a robust imaging technique for recovering three-dimensional object information using incoherent holography without two-beam interference. In this study, five-dimensional (5D) imaging along 3D space, spectrum and polarization in I-COACH is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The proposed technique exploits the polarization-dependent light modulation characteristics of spatial light modulators to record polarization-dependent intensity distributions, which are distinguished by significant blurring between orthogonal polarization states. 5D I-COACH is implemented by inter-connecting all five dimensions in a single frame, and image recovery is attempted from different configurations of recorded point spread intensity distributions and response-to-object intensity distributions along 5D using recently developed deconvolution techniques. The simulation and experimental results confirm the 5D imaging capabilities of I-COACH. The proposed technique can be a useful tool for birefringence microscopy, and functional and structural imaging applications.
Multiple Incoherent Deconvolutions for Improving the Image Resolution of Diffraction-Limited Imaging Systems
(2025) Desai, Jawahar Prabhakar; Anand, Vijayakumar; Rosen, Joseph
A new method of imaging with enhanced resolution beyond the diffraction limit is proposed and demonstrated. The target is imaged multiple times, each time with a different phase mask on the aperture of the imaging system. Nonlinear Wiener deconvolution (NWD) reconstructs each image according to the corresponding aperture, and as a result, an image of the target with improved resolution is obtained. The relatively high noise level of each resulting image is eliminated by averaging the multiple deconvolution results. NWD is compared to linear Wiener deconvolution with and without different phase masks. System users can tune the number of imaging events as a tradeoff between low noise and high resolution and between low noise and a low number of camera shots.
Advances in polarization imaging: Techniques and instrumentation
(2025) Tiwari, Vipin
Polarization imaging has drawn significant attention from the research fraternity for decades due to its prominent imaging capabilities across multidisciplinary fields. Polarization imaging is based on the study of vectorial properties of light and associated vectorial transformations resulting from light-matter interaction. The range of polarization imaging and its applications is so broad that it is very challenging to accommodate all relevant concepts and applications in a single literature. This review article is an attempt in this direction. This paper presents a concise review of polarization imaging from fundamental to advanced level, covering the essential elements, such as historical development, theoretical concepts, and experimental aspects of polarization imaging, followed by a brief introduction to traditional and modern polarization imaging instruments. This review article aims to provide a reference text for readers from various research backgrounds interested in polarization imaging.
Recent Advances in Spatially Incoherent Coded Aperture Imaging Technologies
(2025) Tiwari, Vipin; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Kahro, Tauno; Arockiaraj, Francis Gracy; Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Joshi, Narmada; Kukli, Kaupo; Tamm, Aile; Juodkazis, Saulius; Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Coded aperture imaging (CAI) is a powerful imaging technology that has rapidly developed during the past decade. CAI technology and its integration with incoherent holography have led to the development of several cutting-edge imaging tools, devices, and techniques with widespread interdisciplinary applications, such as in astronomy, biomedical sciences, and computational imaging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recently developed CAI techniques in the framework of incoherent digital holography. The review starts with an overview of the milestones in modern CAI technology, such as interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography, followed by a detailed survey of recently developed CAI techniques and system designs in subsequent sections. Each section provides a general description, principles, potential applications, and associated challenges. We believe that this review will act as a reference point for further advancements in CAI technologies.
3D free-form optical lens — miniaturised fibre couplers for astrophotonics
(2025) Mu, Haoran; Smith, Daniel; Katkus, Tomas; Le, Nguyen Hoai An; Stonyte, Dominyka; Gailevičius, Darius; Kapsaskis, Dan; Del Frate, Alexander; Singh Bedi, Talwinder; Narbutis, Donatas; Anand, Vijayakumar; Astrauskyte, Darija; Grineviciute, Lina; Ng, Soon Hock; Glazebrook, Karl; Lawrence, Jon; Juodkazis, Saulius
In astronomy, multi-object spectrographs employ fibre positioning robots to couple the light from multiple astronomical sources (stars or galaxies) into multiple multi-mode fibres, which are distributed across the focal plane of the telescope. These fibres transport the celestial light to the entrance slit of a spectrograph (or bank of spectrographs) for analysis. For any multi-object system, mm-scale opto-mechanical solutions are required to couple the telescope light efficiently into the fibre. We demonstrate a unique micro()-optics solution to replace current optical fibre couplers. Specifically, we target technology on board the Keck telescope’s FOBOS - Fibre-Optic Broadband Optical Spectrograph — which operates at UV to IR spectral ranges. For spectrally broadband UV-IR band operation, we use glass and crystals: fused silica, crystalline quartz (transparency ), sapphire Al2O3 (), CaF (), and BaF (). The miniaturised -coupler is monolithic, with the entire light path contained within glass or crystal, seamlessly extending to the fibre entrance, which is laser-machined and precisely aligned with the optical axis.
Scattering of open vortex beams: Applications towards free space optical communications
(2025) MD. Ansari, Haider; Cris M., Vinny; Kumar, Ravi; Anand, Vijayakumar; Prabhakar, Shashi; Reddy, Salla Gangi; Singh, R.P.
The topological charge (TC) of optical vortex beams can be measured using various interferometric and non-interferometric techniques in both coherent and partially coherent domains. However, these methods are not suitable for obstructed vortex beams, also known as open optical vortex (OOV) beams. Recently, several methods for studying open optical vortex (OOV) beams, have recently been proposed and demonstrated based on interferometry, phase retrieval, spatial coherence analysis, which limit their applicability in the presence of significant perturbations or long-distance propagation. In this study, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient method for measuring both the magnitude and sign of the topological charge (TC) of OOV beams using the auto-correlation distribution after scattering through a rough surface. We generated the OOV beams using partially blocked computer-generated holograms. Although the rings or zero points present in the auto-correlation are broken, the number of rings is equal to the TC. Further, we have utilized the radius of the first ring and its divergence with propagation distance, which can be easily observed for all orders, for finding the TC of higher orders. We can measure the sign of the topological charge solely through intensity measurements using the rotation of the autocorrelation profile with the help of blocking parameter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the characteristics of OOV beams derived from our proposed method align well with the propagation characteristics of unobstructed OV beams. The results confirm the efficacy of optical vortex beams for free-space optical communication.
Spatio spectral correlations in interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography with vortex speckles
(2025) Vilardell, Eulàlia Puig; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Tiwari, Vipin; Kahro, Tauno; Kasikov, Aarne; Kõiv, Markus; Reddy, Andra Naresh Kumar; Rosen, Joseph; Kukli, Kaupo; Gailevičius, Darius; Juodkazis, Saulius; Anand, Vijayakumar
Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is a computational imaging method that enables three-dimensional information of an object to be obtained without the need for two-beam interference. For the first time, in this study, we propose and demonstrate I-COACH with vortex speckles (I-COACH-VS). The vortex speckle distribution is generated by designing a unique coded mask by combining several spiral phases with different topological charges and linear phases using the transport of the amplitude into the phase based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (TAP-GSA). The spiral phase generates multiple beams carrying different orbital angular momentum, and the linear phase is used to map the beams at different locations within the image sensor to achieve a random vortex speckle distribution. The recently developed Lucy-Richardson-Rosen algorithm (LRRA) is used for image reconstruction. The theory, simulation studies, design of a coded mask by TAP-GSA, fabrication of coded masks by photolithography, and experimental demonstration of I-COACH-VS are presented. We believe that the developed method will be impactful in fields such as incoherent digital holography and computational imaging.
Single shot polarization resolved coded aperture imaging
(2025) Joshi, Narmada; Tiwari, Vipin; Tamm, Aile; Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Coded aperture imaging (CAI) is a well-established indirect imaging technique consisting of two steps, namely optical recording and computational reconstruction. In the recent years, CAI technique has been extended to image along 3D space and also the spectrum with a single camera shot. In this study, we developed CAI for 3D imaging along 2D space and polarization using dual orthogonal polarization phase-modulation (DOPP) technique. DOPP-CAI has been demonstrated for 3D imaging with only one birefringent optical modulator and without any polarization sensitive image sensors. The theory, simulation and proof-of-concept experimental results are presented. The results demonstrate a one-to-one unique intensity-polarization mapping owing to a significant polarization discriminated blur in CAI. We believe that the developed DOPP-CAI can benefit multimodal imaging, birefringent imaging, holography and microscopy.
Bridging spectroscopy and advanced molecular orientation analysis with new 4＋ angle polarization toolbox in Quasar
(2025) Gassner, Callum; Vongsvivut, Jitraporn; Ryu, Meguya; Ng, Soon Hock; Toplak, Marko; Anand, Vijayakumar; Takkalkar, Pooja; Sims, Natalie A.; Wood, Bayden R.; Tobin, Mark J.; Juodkazis, Saulius; Morikawa, Junko
Anisotropy plays a critical role in governing the mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials, influencing their behavior across diverse applications. Probing and quantifying this directional dependence is crucial for advancing materials science and biomedical research, as it provides a deeper understanding of structural orientations at the molecular level, encompassing both scientific and industrial benefits. This study introduces the “4＋ Angle Polarization” widget, an innovative extension to the open-source Quasar platform (https://quasar.codes/), tailored for advanced multiple-angle polarization analysis. This toolbox enables precise in-plane molecular orientation analysis of complex microspectroscopic datasets through a streamlined workflow. Using polarized Fourier transform infrared (p-FTIR) spectroscopy, we demonstrate its versatility across various sample types, including polylactic acid (PLA) organic crystals, murine cortical bone, and human osteons. By overcoming the limitations of traditional two-angle methods, the widget significantly enhances the accuracy of structural and orientational analysis. This novel analytical tool expands the potential of multiple-angle p-FTIR techniques into advanced characterization of structural anisotropy in heterogeneous systems, providing transformative insights for materials characterization, biomedical imaging and beyond.
Incoherent nonlinear deconvolution using an iterative algorithm for recovering limited-support images from blurred digital photographs
(2024) Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Recovering original images from blurred images is a challenging task. We propose a new deconvolution method termed incoherent nonlinear deconvolution using an iterative algorithm (INDIA). Two inputs are introduced into the algorithm: one is a random or engineered point spread function of the scattering system, and the other is a blurred or distorted image of some object produced from this system. The two functions are Fourier transformed, and their phase distributions are processed independently of their magnitude. The algorithm yields the image of the original object with reduced blurring effects. The results of the new method are compared to two linear and two nonlinear algorithms under various types of blurs. The root mean square error and structural similarity between the original and recovered images are chosen as the comparison criteria between the five different algorithms. The simulation and experimental results confirm the superior performance of INDIA compared to the other tested deblurring methods.
Optimizing the temporal and spatial resolutions and light throughput of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography in the framework of coded aperture imaging
(2024) Arockiaraj, Francis Gracy; Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Rajeswary, Aravind Simon John Francis; Juodkazis, Saulius; Anand, Vijayakumar
Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is a well-established digital holography technique for 3D imaging of objects illuminated by spatially incoherent light. FINCH has a higher lateral resolution of 1.5 times that of direct imaging systems with the same numerical aperture. However, the other imaging characteristics of FINCH, such as axial resolution, temporal resolution, light throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), are lower than those of direct imaging systems. Different techniques were developed by researchers around the world to improve the imaging characteristics of FINCH while retaining the inherent higher lateral resolution of FINCH. However, most of the solutions developed to improve FINCH presented additional challenges. In this study, we optimized FINCH in the framework of coded aperture imaging. Two recently developed computational methods, such as transport of amplitude into phase based on the Gerchberg Saxton algorithm and Lucy–Richardson–Rosen algorithm, were applied to improve light throughput and image reconstruction, respectively. The above implementation improved the axial resolution, temporal resolution, and SNR of FINCH and moved them closer to those of direct imaging while retaining the high lateral resolution. A point spread function (PSF) engineering technique has been implemented to prevent the low lateral resolution problem associated with the PSF recorded using pinholes with a large diameter. We believe that the above developments are beyond the state-of-the-art of existing FINCH-scopes.
Extending the Depth of Focus of Infrared Microscope Using a Binary Axicon Fabricated on Barium Fluoride
(2024) Han, Molong; Smith, Daniel; Kahro, Tauno; Stonytė, Dominyka; Kasikov, Aarne; Gailevičius, Darius; Tiwari, Vipin; Xavier, Agnes Pristy Ignatius; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Ng, Soon Hock; Rajeswary, Aravind Simon John Francis; Tamm, Aile; Kukli, Kaupo
Axial resolution is one of the most important characteristics of a microscope. In all microscopes, a high axial resolution is desired in order to discriminate information efficiently along the longitudinal direction. However, when studying thick samples that do not contain laterally overlapping information, a low axial resolution is desirable, as information from multiple planes can be recorded simultaneously from a single camera shot instead of plane-by-plane mechanical refocusing. In this study, we increased the focal depth of an infrared microscope non-invasively by introducing a binary axicon fabricated on a barium fluoride substrate close to the sample. Preliminary results of imaging the thick and sparse silk fibers showed an improved focal depth with a slight decrease in lateral resolution and an increase in background noise.
Super-Resolution Correlating Optical Endoscopy
(2024) Tamm, Oskar; Tiwari, Vipin; Gopinath, Shivasubramanian; Rajeswary, Aravind Simon John Francis; Singh, Scott Arockia; Rosen, Joseph; Anand, Vijayakumar
Optical endoscopy is a widely used minimally invasive diagnostic tool for imaging internal organs. The imaging resolution is defined by the numerical aperture of the objective lens. In this study, we proposed and demonstrated a Super-resolution Correlating OPtical Endoscopy (SCOPE) system. In SCOPE, modified recording and reconstruction methods are introduced with the existing built-in endoscopy lens. Instead of recording a single image, multiple images of the object are recorded by scanning the tip of the endoscope around the object. The recorded low-resolution images of the object are arranged as sub-matrices in a 2D matrix. Another similar 2D matrix with either recorded or synthesized point spread functions (PSFs) is created. The 2D matrices of the object and the PSF were processed using a deconvolution algorithm to reconstruct a super-resolution image of the object. Both simulation and proof-of-concept experimental studies have been presented. SCOPE neither requires any additional optical element nor any changes in the endoscopy system itself; therefore, it can be easily implemented in commercial endoscopy systems.

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