Filosoofia osakonna magistritööd – Master's theses
Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttps://hdl.handle.net/10062/35473
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Kirje The combatant-institution proximity framework as a tool for understanding moral injury in war(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Rambish, Natalie; Kattago, Siobhan, juhendaja; Piirimäe, Pärtel; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondMoral injury fractures the core of a combatant’s identity and disrupts their capacity for meaning-making. In the wake of violent and morally complex events of war, those who suffer from moral injury often have difficulty living with themselves or commit suicide. This thesis develops the Combatant-Institution Proximity Framework, a three-tier model that illustrates the metaphorical distance between the individual combatant and the institutional-legal domain of moral conduct in war. Chapter 1 establishes a moral injury as a form of trauma, arising from events of perpetration, betrayal, witnessing, or irresolvable moral conflict. Chapter 2 analyzes combatant identity through social, relational, and narrative theories, showing how symptoms of moral injury sever ties to meaningful identities and relationships, demonstrating that the sociocultural domain engulfs a combatant. Chapter 3 explores institutional and legal frameworks, including just war theory and the U.S. JAG Corps. Throughout, case studies highlight leadership’s dual roll enforcing institutional moral standards, and cultivating a moral climate withing their unit. Ultimately, this thesis argues that moral injury exposes the gap between their personal beliefs and the morals that the institutions and laws of ethical warfare strive to uphold. The framework developed aids in understanding this gap.Kirje Reflections on nihilism: the search for God in modern times : master's thesis in philosophy(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Panaro, Lars; Sooväli, Jaanus, juhendaja; Kustassoo, Karin, juhendaja; Pajević, Marko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis explores the question of ‘where might God be for us today?’ in light of Nietzsche’s diagnostic utterance concerning the modern age as one where ‘God is dead’ (nihilism) and existence seems ontologically meaningless. In order to address this question I examine two philosophical responses that took Nietzsche’s utterance to heart: Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. I afford special emphasis to the divine in relationship to modernity in their respective ontologies. What Nietzsche referred to as nihilism, Heidegger refers to as the abandonment of Being (Seinsverlassenheit), and Buber refers to as the Eclipse of God (Gotterfinsternis). The thesis proceeds on the basis that ‘God’ has always been an integral and ‘question worthy’ part of the meaning of human existence and cannot merely be written off as a lie or fabrication, but instead demands philosophical scrutiny. By examining the insights of these thinkers together we are afforded a holistic understanding of nihilism and the question of God in the modern world.Kirje Avaliku mõistuse rakendamine valitud Eesti seadustele: probleemid praktikas ja teoorias(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Daniel, Oliver; Volberg, Mats, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondAntud magistritöös uurin avaliku mõistuse abil kahele Eesti seadusele, milleks on abieluvõrdsuse ja mootorsõidukimaksu seadused, antud õigustusi. Eesmärgiks on kontrollida, kui hästi on nimetatud seadusi õigustatud ja uurida avaliku mõistuse laia vaate rakendamise tagajärgi praktikas. Töö teesiks on, et lai vaade tuleb tagasi lükata. Kasutatud õigustuste uurimisel tuvastan mitmeid probleeme. Uurimistulemuste põhjal kritiseerin avaliku mõistuse teooriad kahel moel. Esiteks pole teooriates piisavalt tähelepanu pööratud sobiliku institutsionaalse konteksti kirjeldamisele. Teiseks toob lai vaade endaga kaasa otsustamisvõimetuse probleemi tõenäosuse suurenemise, mis takistab parlamendil seaduste vastuvõtmist või tagasilükkamist. Kaasnevate negatiivsete tagajärgede vältimiseks tulebki lai vaade tagasi lükata.Kirje In support of the neurodiversity paradigm: from disorder to divergence(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Lang, Heldi Marleen; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis examines the advantages of the neurodiversity paradigm over the medical model in classifying neurological variations as either disorders or divergences, particularly about addressing ontic and epistemic injustice. I introduce two new terms, disorder theory and divergence theory, to examine on what grounds autism or ADHD, for example, would be considered either a mental disorder or an aspect of human diversity. I argue that divergence theory offers a more precise framework for understanding neurological variations than disorder theory and that its adoption would help mitigate epistemic and ontic injustices.Kirje The problem of creepy personalised recommendations in banks(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Yaroshyk, Palina; Davies, Alexander Stewart, juhendaja; Kitt, Lennart, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis set out to investigate two primary questions: (1) what makes some personalised recommendations from banks feel creepy, and (2) how banks can maintain highly personalised recommendations while eliminating creepiness. To address these questions, the thesis employed a strategy of first establishing a theoretical framework, examining cases where the risk of creepiness is lower or absent compared to the same recommendation given in different context, and, finally, proposing some practical solutions for banks based on the insights gained, aiming to preserve the benefits of personalisation and eliminate the harms of creepiness.Kirje A philosophical approach to CETI: developing a conceptual framework based on Umwelt theory(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Pasha, Chingiz; Mölder, Bruno, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis critiques the assumptions underlying the argument of Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI) research, which presumes that extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) would possess human-like features and technologies, and that communication with ETI would rely on the information-transmission model. These premises are refuted by exposing their reliance on anthropocentric and vague definitions of "intelligence" and "communication." Afterward, a conceptual framework based on Umwelt theory is proposed to address these issues, emphasizing the diversity of subjective worlds (Umwelten) of organisms, the concept of "commonage" as shared aspects of these subjective worlds, and communication as the exchange of signs based on the commonage among organisms. Lastly, intelligence is redefined as a relational feature of shared Umwelten emerging from communication. The thesis argues for dividing CETI into two distinct research areas with a more explicit scope for each: the search for extraterrestrial organisms (SEO) and the discovery of terrestrial types of intelligence (DTI). Broader implications within philosophy, semiotics, and interdisciplinary research are also explored, emphasizing the necessity of avoiding the widespread anthropocentric approach in studying intelligence and communication.Kirje Kutseõppijate infovajaduste rahuldamist soodustavad ja pärssivad tegurid : (Võrumaa Kutsehariduskeskuse raamatukogu näitel)(Tartu Ülikool, 2012) Pungits, Ülle; Einasto, Olga, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondKirje The ethical design of sex robots(Tartu Ülikool, 2024-08) Mizrak, Ezgi; Orsi, Francesco, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis examines ethical concerns arising from the development and use of sex robots, advocating for a harm reduction model rather than a complete ban or complete deregulation. The analysis compares ethical arguments for and against sex robots. According to the findings, it argued that sex robots can be more beneficial than harmful for women and disadvantaged groups through ethical design choices. In particular, this thesis argues that sex robots should be designed to include a consent module to mimic and teach users about morally appropriate consent negotiation. Finally, the thesis defends sexual technology by aiming to increase the visibility of female sexuality and desire by discussing how the right ethical design choices can be made to maximize the benefits and minimize the harm of sex robots.Kirje How does psychotherapy work? A cognitive neuroscience-based framework for understanding therapeutic change(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Kabrel, Mykyta; Aru, Jaan, juhendaja; Mölder, Bruno, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondOne of the key mechanisms by which psychotherapy facilitates positive change is by enhancing an individual's awareness of the internal and external factors that contribute to their problems. While this provides a conceptual understanding of psychotherapy, a more rigorous and precise mechanistic explanation is often lacking. In this thesis, I present a novel theoretical framework for understanding psychotherapy based on contemporary cognitive and computational neuroscience. I propose that enhancing awareness can be likened to mental navigation – the ability to navigate our representational space, which includes memories, concepts, ideas, images, etc. This navigation process involves exploring, identifying, and reconfiguring cognitive maps and schemas facilitated by neurobiological mechanisms similar to those involved in spatial navigation. The outcome of this thesis is an intuitively understandable conceptual framework and a biologically plausible mechanistic explanation of therapeutic change.Kirje Collective responsibility in the anthropocene(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Luo, Yufeng; Kattago, Siobhan, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondGeoscientists have heralded the advent of a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene. This new epoch highlights the unprecedented human power to influence the Earth system, thanks to the advancement of modern technology. As the most characteristic phenomenon of the new era, climate change, as well as the inadequacy of human action to address it, poses a challenge to previous moral and political theories. By examining the critiques of contemporary scholars, this thesis attempts to identify the reasons why past theories fall short in addressing the climate crisis, and proposes a theory of collective responsibility as the appropriate ethical framework in the Anthropocene. Inspired by the philosophical inquiry of Dipesh Chakrabarty, this thesis engages with the works of modern philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Hannah Arendt, and Hans Jonas to construct the theory of collective responsibility. It argues that collective responsibility in the Anthropocene should transcend the boundaries of different communities and generations, and is capable of motivating people to take collective action to combat climate change.Kirje The Arendtian problem of new beginnings: beginnings and foundations of freedom in revolution(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Zhu, Zhiyi; Kattago, Siobhan, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis explores the relationship between beginnings and foundations within the context of modern political revolutions. As Hannah Arend argued, the American Revolution, with its establishment of a federal republic and a Constitution inspired by ancient political traditions, provides a model for successful modern revolutions. Arendt's reinterpretation highlights the authentic unification between freedom and order through a mutual contract, where both elements reinforce each other. This unification is reflected in the constitution-making activity dominated by constituent power, bridging the gap between beginnings and established foundations. The processual nature of beginnings, as seen in the council system and revolutionary experiences, underscores that new political orders are extensions in time, seeking continuity by reconnecting with predecessors’ foundations. It means the beginning is the return to a previous beginning. Ultimately, this cyclical process transforms the new beginning into a stabilizing foundation, ensuring continuity and stability for future political structures.Kirje TÜ väitekirjade elektrooniline publitseerimine(Tartu Ülikool, 2009) Bachmann, Signe; Leping, Vambola, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondKirje Infoökoloogia rakendamine raamatukogus (Tartu O. Lutsu nim. Linnaraamatukogu näitel)(Tartu Ülikool, 2007) Kozõreva, Tamara; Konsa, Kurmo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondKirje Õpikeskkond ja selle arenguperspektiivid TÜ Iuridicumi teabekeskuses(Tartu Ülikool, 2007) Avalo, Sille; Plaksi, Sille; Must, Ülle, juhendaja; Must, Aadu, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondKirje Perceptual stability in olfactory experiences(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Mattila, Linda; Barker, Simon, juhendaja; Tooming, Uku, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondOlfaction refers to our sense of smell and the act or process of smelling. Unlike in vision, perceptual experiences of the same object can vary considerably without one experience being obviously better than any other. In this thesis, I consider whether olfactory experiences can be perceptually stable where perceptual stability is a limiting factor on such variation. I first consider the ‘perceptual constancy model’ of perceptual stability. Examples of everyday peculiar experiences in olfaction demonstrate that the perceptual constancy model is not sensitive to the variation which is necessary in olfaction. I then introduce what I call the template matching model and argue that this model can provide a satisfactory account of perceptual stability. According to the template matching model , perceptually stable olfactory experiences have two core characteristics: appropriateness and consistency. This means that an olfactory experience is appropriate if there is a match of patterns between the current and previous instances when the odor molecule is being perceived, and if the current experience fits into an overall set of prior olfactory experiences.Kirje Do atemporal theories of quantum gravity presuppose the notion of time? A critical analysis of Henrik Zinkernagel's arguments against quantum fundamentalism(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Lazutkina, Anastasiia; Mets, Ave, juhendaja; Kustassoo, Karin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThis thesis is dedicated to examining three arguments against quantum fundamentalism (QF), the view that everything is fundamentally of a quantum nature and can be described exclusively in quantum theoretical terms. All three arguments rely on the timelessness of leading approaches to quantum gravity (QG), the successor theory of our two best physical theories, general relativity and quantum field theory. According to the first argument, by Svend Rugh and Henrik Zinkernagel, QF cannot explain how time emerges diachronically from a timeless quantum structure described by QG. I argue with Daniele Oriti that such a diachronic emergence is not strictly necessary, so the argument fails. According to the second argument, by Zinkernagel, timeless QG cannot be more fundamental than GR because its field of application is defined by a classical relativistic time concept. I propose two readings of the argument: the first fails, while the second is successful but requires accepting a broad set of epistemological commitments. The third argument adds that timeless QG does not imply that time is not fundamental, but instead that physics cannot describe it. I conclude that the last two arguments refute an epistemological but not ontological version of QF.Kirje The concept of recognition in contemporary social philosophy: a critical perspective on the connection between the struggle for recognition and emancipation in Axel Honneth and Judith Butler(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Kozlova, Viktorija; Kattago, Siobhan, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondThe concept of recognition has attracted wide-spread interest in social and political philosophy during the last decades. This thesis critically examines the notion of recognition in social and political theory concentrating on the works of Axel Honneth, the author who has, arguably, presented the most comprehensive social theory of recognition to date. The thesis reconstructs Honneth’s theory of recognition in light of the connection between recognition and social change, which, for him, is understood as driven by the struggle for recognition. Drawing from the works of Judith Butler, I emphasize the ambivalent character of recognition through its connection to subject formation. Following Butler, it is argued that before a person can enjoy recognition, they must first become recognizable, which in turn is conditioned by the existent dynamics of power. As a result, I conclude that particular expressions of the desire for recognition are significantly limited in their emancipatory potential.Kirje Uncovering double standards: a critical assessment of radical enactivism’s treatment of basic minds and departure from relaxed naturalism : master's thesis in philosophy(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Yaryhina, Anastasiia; Bruno Mölder, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondIn developing REC, Hutto & Myin commit to 'Relaxed Naturalism', a philosophical position very broadly concerned with "thinking about the natural world and our place in it" (Hutto 2023, 2). The articulation of the philosophical program of Relaxed Naturalism was itself an endeavor initiated by Hutto in collaboration with philosopher Glenda L. Satne (2015, 2017, 2018a, 2018b). They define Relaxed Naturalism in opposition to both 'scientific/strict naturalism,' which they deem to be too strict in its dedication to hard sciences, and 'liberal naturalism', which they deem to be too permissive in regards to ‘supernatural’ phenomena. Relaxed Naturalism aims to negotiate a moderate position between these two approaches to naturalism by "draw[ing] upon and harmoniously integrat[ing] the discoveries from a wide range of sciences and disciplines" (Hutto 2022, 165). I assert that a close examination of the treatment of 'basic minds' in radical enactivism undermines REC's proclaimed commitment to Relaxed naturalism. Moreover, I demonstrate how the three core notions utilized in REC's analysis of 'basic minds' — autopoiesis, adaptivity, and normativity — support REC's alignment with strict naturalism rather than relaxed naturalism, as they provide a comprehensive account of basic minds within the framework of natural sciences alone. Insofar as Hutto & Myin deem it unnecessary to employ the extended repertoire of concepts offered by relaxed naturalism, they betray their own argument for its methodological necessity. I demonstrate this by uncovering REC’s double standards that can be found in its treatment of basic minds. REC criticises rival theories for their strictly naturalistic purview of the mind, yet, applies the same perspective in its own treatment of basic minds, thus applying its principles rather unfairly. In my thesis I aim to demostrate how Radical Enactivism’s unfair application of its own principles undermine its commitment to Relaxed Naturalism, particularly regarding its perspective on "basic minds."Kirje The charientic: a neglected normative category(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Bailie, Natasha Jade; Francesco Orsi, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondIt is a standard problem of value theory, broadly construed, to identify, classify, and analyse evaluative judgements. In 1958, Peter Glassen argued that judgements regarding vulgarity or elegance, which he calls “charientic” judgements, are (i) properly evaluative judgements; and (ii) distinct from other types of universally recognised evaluative judgements, such as moral or aesthetic ones. The goals of the current work are firstly to defend and develop these claims to establish the charientic as a proper normative category, and secondly to show, using Christine Korsgaard’s theory of normativity from her 1996 book The Sources of Normativity, that there exist charientic obligations. Grounding obligations in practical identity, a conception of oneself under which one finds oneself valuable, is key to establishing the existence of charientic obligations.Kirje Ihudevahelisus ja asendatavus. Derrida kriitika Merleau-Ponty intersubjektiivsuse käsitluse kohta(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Tärk, Mona; Eduard Parhomenko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofia osakondJacques Derrida ainus põhjalik vaade Maurice Merlreau-Ponty filosoofiale leiab aset teose Le Toucher, Jean-Luc Nancy peatükis „Tangente III”. Käesolevas magistritöös analüüsin Derrida esitatud kriitikat teise ja teisesuse kohta Merleau-Ponty ihulises intersubjektiivsuse mõtlemises ehk ihudevahelisuses. Uurimuse juhtiv küsimus on, kas ihudevahelisus võimaldab austada teise teisesust ja vältida teise omastamist. Selgitan Derrida kahtlusi ihulise lähenemise osas ning vastan küsimusele, kaitstes Merleau-Ponty seisukohti. Viimase fenomenoloogiaga kuuluvad lahutamatult kokku teisesust arvesse võtvad kriitilised elemendid — ise ärastumine, mitte-egokeskne ja vahendatud ligipääs teisele ja maailma mitmekülgsus — mis ei võimalda teise omastamist. Derrida tõlgendus vaatab olulistel kohtadel mööda neist aspektidest, mille tõttu on tema tõlgendus puudulik ja liialt hukkamõistev. Selles kriitikas on siiski ka paeluvaid tähelepanekuid Merleau-Ponty ihudevahelisuse kohta. Keskendun ise ja teise asendatavuse küsimusele, mille kaudu avaneb arutelu Merleau-Ponty filosoofias leiduvate paradoksaalsuste tarvilikkuse üle. Paradoksaalsus, mis teisesuhteid seletavatesse fenomenoloogilistesse struktuuridesse dünaamilisust loob, vastab teistega seotud pingelistele kogemustele meie elus. Merleau-Ponty ihudevahelisuses mõjutavad ja muudavad ise ja teine üksteist vastastikku. Seda võimaldab teise lähedus isele, milles aga ise ja teise vaheline distants ja erinevus ei kao.